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Error-related alpha suppression (ERAS)\u2014which refers to decreased power in the alpha frequency band after an incorrect response\u2014is thought to reflect cognitive arousal after errors. Much of this work has been correlational, however, and there are no direct investigations into its pharmacological sensitivity. In Study 1 (n = 61), we evaluated the presence and scalp distribution of ERAS in a novel flanker task specifically developed for cross-species assessments. Using this same task in Study 2 (n = 26), which had a placebo-controlled within-subject design, we evaluated the sensitivity of ERAS to placebo (0 mg), low (100 mg), and high (200 mg) doses of modafinil, a wakefulness promoting agent. Consistent with previous work, ERAS was maximal at parieto-occipital recording sites in both studies. In Study 2, modafinil did not have strong effects on ERAS (a significant Accuracy \u00d7 Dose interaction emerged, but drug\u2013placebo differences did not reach statistical significance after correction for multiple comparisons and was absent after controlling for accuracy rate). ERAS was correlated with accuracy rates in both studies. Thus, modafinil did not impact ERAS as hypothesized, and findings indicate ERAS may reflect an orienting response to infrequent events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T18:19:34Z","timestamp":1645640374000},"page":"864-876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Error-related Alpha Suppression: Scalp Topography and (Lack of) Modulation by Modafinil"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Hans S.","family":"Schroder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McLean Hospital\/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"},{"name":"University of Michigan Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Iturra-Mena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McLean Hospital\/Harvard Medical School, Boston, 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