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However, a brief epoch of VTA-EM\u2013stimulus pairing within a single day has been shown to result in a behavioral preference for the paired stimulus. Here, we investigated whether a brief single-day session of VTA-EM\u2013stimulus pairings is sufficient to induce changes in visual cortical responses. We examined macaque posterior inferior temporal (PIT) cortex because previous studies demonstrated response changes after VTA-EM stimulus pairing in that area. Multi-unit recordings in PIT were interleaved with VTA-EM\u2013stimulus pairing epochs. During the short VTA-EM\u2013stimulus pairing epochs (60 pairings), one image (fractal) was paired with VTA-EM (STIM) whereas another, unpaired fractal was presented as control. Two other fractals (dummies) were presented only during the recordings. The difference in response between the STIM and control fractals already increased after the first VTA-EM\u2013stimulus pairing epoch, reflecting a relative increase of the response to the STIM fractal. However, the response to the STIM fractal did not increase further with more VTA-EM\u2013stimulus pairing epochs. The relative increase in firing rate for the paired fractal was present early in the response, in line with a local\/ bottom\u2013up origin. These effects were absent when comparing the responses to the dummies pre- and post-VTA-EM. This study shows that pairing a visual image and VTA-EM in a brief single-day session is sufficient to increase the response for the paired image in macaque PIT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T17:05:40Z","timestamp":1650906340000},"page":"1259-1273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Limited Pairings of Electrical Micro-stimulation of the Ventral Tegmental Area and a Visual Stimulus Enhance Visual Cortical Responses"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0635-3750","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jerome","family":"Herpers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven Medical School, Belgium"},{"name":"Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 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