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Furthermore, recent work has shown that nonoscillatory (1\/\u0192) activity is functionally relevant to cognition, yet its interaction with oscillatory activity during complex rule learning remains unknown. Using spectral decomposition and power-law exponent estimation of human EEG data (17 women, 18 men), we show for the first time that 1\/\u0192 and oscillatory activity jointly influence the learning of word order rules of a miniature artificial language system. Flexible word-order rules were associated with a steeper 1\/\u0192 slope, whereas fixed word-order rules were associated with a shallower slope. We also show that increased theta and alpha power predicts fixed relative to flexible word-order rule learning and behavioral performance. Together, these results suggest that 1\/\u0192 activity plays an important role in higher-order cognition, including language processing, and that grammar learning is modulated by different word-order permutations, which manifest in distinct oscillatory profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T16:18:29Z","timestamp":1654013909000},"page":"1630-1649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Oscillatory and Aperiodic Neural Activity Jointly Predict Language Learning"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Zachariah R.","family":"Cross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0449-4883","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew 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