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Although the neural basis of written language production has been investigated in alphabetic scripts, it has rarely been examined in nonalphabetic languages such as Chinese. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study explored the neural substrates of handwritten word production in Chinese and identified the brain regions sensitive to the psycholinguistic factors of word frequency and syllable frequency. To capture this, we contrasted neural activation in \u201cwriting\u201d with \u201cspeaking plus drawing\u201d and \u201cwatching plus drawing.\u201d Word frequency (high, low) and syllable frequency (high, low) of the picture names were manipulated. Contrasts between the tasks showed that writing Chinese characters was mainly associated with brain activation in the left frontal and parietal cortex, whereas orthographic processing and the motor procedures necessary for handwritten production were also related to activation in the right frontal and parietal cortex as well as right putamen\/thalamus. These results demonstrate that writing Chinese characters requires activation in bilateral cortical regions and the right putamen\/thalamus. Our results also revealed no brain activation associated with the main effects of word frequency and syllable frequency as well as their interaction, which implies that word frequency and syllable frequency may not affect the writing of Chinese characters on a neural level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T13:27:12Z","timestamp":1662557232000},"page":"2320-2340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dissociation of Writing Processes: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study on the Neural Substrates for the Handwritten Production of Chinese Characters"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Jieying","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Renmin University of China"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Laurel","family":"Brehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Qingfang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renmin University of China"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022110114533963200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024515","article-title":"Phonological effects in handwriting production: Evidence from the implicit priming paradigm","volume":"37","author":"Afonso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2022110114533963200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530270060019","article-title":"Lesion localization in apractic agraphia","volume":"49","author":"Alexander","year":"1992","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"2022110114533963200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(92)90022-7","article-title":"Lesion localization of phonological agraphia","volume":"43","author":"Alexander","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2022110114533963200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/104.1.21","article-title":"Lexical or orthographic agraphia","volume":"104","author":"Beauvois","year":"1981","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2022110114533963200_bib5","first-page":"101","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis and treatment of spelling disorders","volume-title":"The handbook of adult language disorders: Integrating cognitive neuropsychology, neurology, and rehabilitation","author":"Beeson","year":"2002"},{"key":"2022110114533963200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030344000067","article-title":"The neural substrates of writing: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"17","author":"Beeson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2022110114533963200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/02643298708252044","article-title":"The rites of righting writing: Homophone remediation in acquired dysgraphia","volume":"4","author":"Behrmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"volume-title":"Modern Chinese frequency dictionary","year":"1986","author":"Beijing Language Institute, Institute of Language Teaching","key":"2022110114533963200_bib8"},{"key":"2022110114533963200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","article-title":"Where is the semantic system? 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