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Here, we used a componential episodic memory task to measure cognitive profiles across a wide age range and in Alzheimer disease (AD) and to examine the role of theta oscillations in explaining performance. In Experiment 1, we tested a group of 47 young adults (age 21\u201330 years, 21 women) while recording their scalp EEG. A separate behavioral experiment (Experiment 2) was performed in 42 older adults (age 66\u201385 years, 29 women) and in a group of 16 AD patients (age 80\u201390 years, 12 women). In Experiment 1, K-means clustering based on behavioral data resulted in three \u201ccognotypes\u201d whose memory profiles showed corresponding differences in their EEG markers: What and where memory depended on frontal theta power and when memory depended on theta modulation by temporal distance between retrieved items. In Experiment 2, healthy older adults showed three cognotypes similar to those found in younger adults; moreover, AD patients had an overlapping profile with one specific cognotype, characterized by marked difficulties in when memory. These findings highlight the utility of componential episodic memory tests and cognotyping in understanding individual strengths and vulnerabilities in age-related neurocognitive decline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T14:06:45Z","timestamp":1692194805000},"page":"1773-1787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cognotyping by What\u2013Where\u2013When Retrieval Reveals the Potential Role of Temporal Memory and Its Neural Correlates in Understanding Individual Differences across Aging and Alzheimer Disease"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Sang-Eon","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of 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