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Although this process of statistically learned attentional enhancement differs behaviorally from the well-studied top\u2013down and bottom\u2013up forms of attention, relatively little work has been done to characterize the electrophysiological correlates of statistically learned attentional enhancement. It thus remains unclear whether statistically learned enhancement recruits any of the same cognitive mechanisms as top\u2013down or bottom\u2013up attention. In the current study, EEG data were collected while participants searched for an ambiguous unique shape in a visual array (the additional singleton task). Unbeknownst to the participants, targets appeared more frequently in one location in space (probability cuing). Encephalographic data were then analyzed in two phases: an anticipatory phase and a reactive phase. In the anticipatory phase preceding search stimuli onset, alpha lateralization as well as the Anterior Directing Attention Negativity and Late Directing Attention Positivity components\u2014signs of preparatory attention known to characterize top\u2013down enhancement\u2014were tested. In the reactive phase, the N2pc component\u2014a well-studied marker of target processing\u2014was examined following stimuli onset. Our results showed that statistically learned attentional enhancement is not characterized by any of the well-known anticipatory markers of top\u2013down attention; yet targets at high probability locations did reliably evoke larger N2pc amplitudes, a finding that is associated with bottom\u2013up attention and saliency. Overall, our findings are consistent with the notion that statistically learned attentional enhancement increases the perceptual salience of items appearing at high-probability locations relative to low-probability locations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T11:36:19Z","timestamp":1696592179000},"page":"2110-2125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Electrophysiological Markers of Statistically Learned Attentional Enhancement: Evidence for a Saliency-based Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Dock H.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (iBBA), The 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