{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T02:57:52Z","timestamp":1774580272283,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/P002404\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/P002404\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECF-2020-488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECF-2020-488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) are a powerful tool for investigating selective attention. Here, we conducted a combined reanalysis of multiple studies employing this technique in a variety of attentional experiments to, first, establish benchmark effect sizes of attention on amplitude and phase of SSVEPs and, second, harness the power of a large data set to test more specific hypotheses. Data of eight published SSVEP studies were combined, in which human participants (n = 135 in total) attended to flickering random dot stimuli based on their defining features (e.g., location, color, luminance, or orientation) or feature conjunctions. The reanalysis established that, in all the studies, attention reliably enhanced amplitudes, with color-based attention providing the strongest effect. In addition, the latency of SSVEPs elicited by attended stimuli was reduced by \u223c4 msec. Next, we investigated the modulation of SSVEP amplitudes in a subset of studies where two different features were attended concurrently. Although most models assume that attentional effects of multiple features are combined additively, our results suggest that neuronal enhancement provided by concurrent attention is better described by multiplicative integration. Finally, we used the combined data set to demonstrate that the increase in trial-averaged SSVEP amplitudes with attention cannot be explained by increased synchronization of single-trial phases. Contrary to the prediction of the phase-locking account, the variance across trials of complex Fourier coefficients increases with attention, which is more consistent with boosting of a largely phase-locked signal embedded in non-phase-locked noise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T14:14:50Z","timestamp":1697552090000},"page":"46-70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Attentional Modulation in Early Visual Cortex: A Focused Reanalysis of Steady-state Visual Evoked Potential Studies"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6187-6802","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nika","family":"Adamian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Aberdeen"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren K.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Aberdeen"},{"name":"University of Southern Denmark"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.31.275602","article-title":"Steady-state visually evoked potentials and feature-based attention: Pre-registered null results and a focused review of methodological considerations","author":"Adam","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13498","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13498","article-title":"Parallel attentional facilitation of features and objects in early visual cortex","volume":"57","author":"Adamian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01383","article-title":"Top\u2013down attention is limited within but not between feature dimensions","volume":"31","author":"Adamian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21328","article-title":"Effects of feature-selective and spatial attention at different stages of visual processing","volume":"23","author":"Andersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.06.030","article-title":"Attention facilitates multiple stimulus features in parallel in human visual cortex","volume":"18","author":"Andersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18200","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1913-13.2013","article-title":"Global facilitation of attended features is obligatory and restricts divided attention","volume":"33","author":"Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13878","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002436107","article-title":"Behavioral performance follows the time course of neural facilitation and suppression during cued shifts of feature-selective attention","volume":"107","author":"Andersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/9.6.2","article-title":"Color-selective attention need not be mediated by spatial attention","volume":"9","author":"Andersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib9","first-page":"197","article-title":"Tracking the allocation of attention in visual scenes with steady-state evoked potentials","volume-title":"Cognitive neuroscience of attention","author":"Andersen","year":"2011","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9912","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5268-14.2015","article-title":"Attentional selection of feature conjunctions is accomplished by parallel and independent selection of single features","volume":"35","author":"Andersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16953","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1767-12.2012","article-title":"Bottom\u2013up biases in feature-selective attention","volume":"32","author":"Andersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017179","article-title":"Featural guidance in conjunction search: The contrast between orientation and color","volume":"36","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00456","article-title":"Repeated measures correlation","volume":"8","author":"Bakdash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13320","article-title":"Preparatory attention in visual cortex","volume":"1396","author":"Battistoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib15","volume-title":"Introduction to meta-analysis","author":"Borenstein","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.97.4.523","article-title":"A theory of visual attention","volume":"97","author":"Bundesen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.112.2.291","article-title":"A neural theory of visual attention: Bridging cognition and neurophysiology","volume":"112","author":"Bundesen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13437","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13437","article-title":"Methodological reporting behavior, sample sizes, and statistical power in studies of event-related potentials: Barriers to reproducibility and replicability","volume":"56","author":"Clayson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib19","first-page":"77","article-title":"The effect size","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9609.001.0001","volume-title":"Analyzing neural time series data: Theory and practice","author":"Cohen","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.11.036","article-title":"Rhythmic entrainment source separation: Optimizing analyses of neural responses to rhythmic sensory stimulation","volume":"147","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00031-0","article-title":"Electrophysiological evidence for an early attentional mechanism in visual processing in humans","volume":"39","author":"Di Russo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(01)00134-1","article-title":"Automatic gain control contrast mechanisms are modulated by attention in humans: Evidence from visual evoked potentials","volume":"41","author":"Di Russo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012775421-5\/50013-3","article-title":"Steady-state VEP and attentional visual processing","volume-title":"The cognitive electrophysiology of mind and brain","author":"Di Russo","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8259","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1821-05.2005","article-title":"Synergistic effect of combined temporal and spatial expectations on visual attention","volume":"25","author":"Doherty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119759","article-title":"Dynamics of attentional allocation to targets and distractors during visual search","volume":"264","author":"Forschack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.03.014","article-title":"Monkey area MT latencies to speed changes depend on attention and correlate with behavioral reaction times","volume":"78","author":"Galashan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.14.4.p242","article-title":"A review of effect sizes and their confidence intervals, part I: The Cohen's d family","volume":"14","author":"Goulet-Pelletier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quantitative Methods for Psychology"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116146","article-title":"Attention differentially modulates the amplitude of resonance frequencies in the visual cortex","volume":"203","author":"Gulbinaite","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10173","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1163-17.2017","article-title":"Individual alpha peak frequency predicts 10 Hz flicker effects on selective attention","volume":"37","author":"Gulbinaite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.06.011","article-title":"Combined effects of spatial and feature-based attention on responses of V4 neurons","volume":"49","author":"Hayden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210100682","article-title":"Human EEG responses to 1\u2013100 Hz flicker: Resonance phenomena in visual cortex and their potential correlation to cognitive phenomena","volume":"137","author":"Herrmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.781","article-title":"Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention","volume":"95","author":"Hillyard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202679","article-title":"Selective attention to color and location: An analysis with event-related brain potentials","volume":"36","author":"Hillyard","year":"1984","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1998.0281","article-title":"Sensory gain control (amplification) as a mechanism of selective attention: Electrophysiological and neuroimaging evidence","volume":"353","author":"Hillyard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4510-05.2006","article-title":"The neural site of attention matches the spatial scale of perception","volume":"26","author":"Hopf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774507079441","article-title":"An exploratory test for an excess of significant findings","volume":"4","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Trials"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3740523","article-title":"Statistical control of artifacts in dense array EEG\/MEG studies","volume":"37","author":"Junghofer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00212","article-title":"Time courses of attentional modulation in neural amplification and synchronization measured with steady-state visual-evoked potentials","volume":"24","author":"Kashiwase","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80734-5","article-title":"Increased activity in human visual cortex during directed attention in the absence of visual stimulation","volume":"22","author":"Kastner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keil, A., Debener, S., Gratton, G., Jungh\u00f6fer, M., Kappenman, E. S., Luck, S. J.,  (2014). Committee report: Publication guidelines and recommendations for studies using electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography. Psychophysiology, 51, 1\u201321. 10.1111\/psyp.12147, 24147581","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12147"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1821","article-title":"Attention induces synchronization-based response gain in steady-state visual evoked potentials","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-019-01941-y","article-title":"Foraging with Anne Treisman: Features versus conjunctions, patch leaving and memory for foraged locations","volume":"82","author":"Kristj\u00e1nsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2515245920951503","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245920951503","article-title":"Simulation-based power analysis for factorial analysis of variance designs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4651","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004651","article-title":"A normalization model of attentional modulation of single unit responses","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9632","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2734-07.2007","article-title":"Spatial attention and the latency of neuronal responses in macaque area V4","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.09.017","article-title":"Comparing the time course and efficacy of spatial and feature-based attention","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00778-X","article-title":"Attentional modulation strength in cortical area MT depends on stimulus contrast","volume":"35","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Trujillo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.04.028","article-title":"Feature-based attention increases the selectivity of population responses in primate visual cortex","volume":"14","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Trujillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.04.066","article-title":"Cortical summation and attentional modulation of combined chromatic and luminance signals","volume":"176","author":"Martinovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.04.001","article-title":"Feature-based attention in visual cortex","volume":"29","author":"Maunsell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11023","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2904-05.2005","article-title":"Attention modulates the responses of simple cells in monkey primary visual cortex","volume":"25","author":"McAdams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1126\/science.4023713","article-title":"Selective attention gates visual processing in the extrastriate cortex","volume":"229","author":"Moran","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.04.2.p061","article-title":"Confidence intervals from normalized data: A correction to Cousineau (2005)","volume":"4","author":"Morey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4770","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.10.4770","article-title":"Selective attention to stimulus location modulates the steady-state visual evoked potential","volume":"93","author":"Morgan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/15.6.4","article-title":"The steady-state visual evoked potential in vision research: A review","volume":"15","author":"Norcia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(85)90217-2","article-title":"Spatial frequency sweep VEP: Visual acuity during the first year of life","volume":"25","author":"Norcia","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-017-1337-1","article-title":"Attentional weights in vision as products of spatial and nonspatial components","volume":"25","author":"Nordfang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0104-8","article-title":"EEG-BIDS, an extension to the brain imaging data structure for electroencephalography","volume":"6","author":"Pernet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Data"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(88)90009-0","article-title":"Scalp current density fields: Concept and properties","volume":"69","author":"Pernier","year":"1988","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90180-6","article-title":"Spherical splines for scalp potential and current density mapping","volume":"72","author":"Perrin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00197.x","article-title":"The response of cat visual cortex to flicker stimuli of variable frequency","volume":"10","author":"Rager","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.01.002","article-title":"The normalization model of attention","volume":"61","author":"Reynolds","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81206-4","article-title":"Attention increases sensitivity of V4 neurons","volume":"26","author":"Reynolds","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/26475","article-title":"Object-based attention in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey","volume":"395","author":"Roelfsema","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/nn876","article-title":"Global effects of feature-based attention in human visual cortex","volume":"5","author":"Saenz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00595-3","article-title":"Global feature-based attention for motion and color","volume":"43","author":"Saenz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac160","article-title":"Rapid invisible frequency tagging (RIFT): A promising technique to study neural and cognitive processing using naturalistic paradigms","volume":"33","author":"Seijdel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25152459211007468","DOI":"10.1177\/25152459211007467","article-title":"An excess of positive results: Comparing the standard psychology literature with registered reports","volume":"4","author":"Scheel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(94)00189-R","article-title":"Steady-state visually evoked potential topography during the Wisconsin card sorting test","volume":"96","author":"Silberstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology\/Evoked Potentials Section"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01135443","article-title":"Steady-state visually evoked potential topography associated with a visual vigilance task","volume":"3","author":"Silberstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Topography"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2009.06.003","article-title":"Using feature preview to investigate the roles of top\u2013down and bottom\u2013up processing in conjunction search","volume":"132","author":"Sobel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa315","article-title":"Unexpected sounds nonselectively inhibit active visual stimulus representations","volume":"31","author":"Soh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5435","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-13-05435.1999","article-title":"Increased synchronization of neuromagnetic responses during conscious perception","volume":"19","author":"Srinivasan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.10.059","article-title":"Rapid adaptive adjustments of selective attention following errors revealed by the time course of steady-state visual evoked potentials","volume":"186","author":"Steinhauser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16040","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0489-12.2012","article-title":"Attention influences single unit and local field potential response latencies in visual cortical area V4","volume":"32","author":"Sundberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-13-04240.1996","article-title":"Stimulus specificity of phase-locked and non-phase-locked 40 Hz visual responses in human","volume":"16","author":"Tallon-Baudry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2009.01.006","article-title":"Using frequency tagging to quantify attentional deployment in a visual divided attention task","volume":"72","author":"Toffanin","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/21176","article-title":"Feature-based attention influences motion processing gain in macaque visual cortex","volume":"399","author":"Treue","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20423-z","article-title":"The caveats of observing inter-trial phase-coherence in cognitive neuroscience","volume":"8","author":"van Diepen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.05.011","article-title":"Effects of overt and covert attention on the steady-state visual evoked potential","volume":"519","author":"Walter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00594.x","article-title":"Steady state evoked responses: Correlations with human cognition","volume":"23","author":"Wilson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2026012912004839500_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5176","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25183","article-title":"Alpha oscillations do not implement gain control in early visual cortex but rather gating in parieto-occipital regions","volume":"41","author":"Zhigalov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.x.2437","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/36\/1\/46\/2190822\/jocn_a_02070.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/36\/1\/46\/2190822\/jocn_a_02070.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T17:01:05Z","timestamp":1769706065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/36\/1\/46\/117844\/Attentional-Modulation-in-Early-Visual-Cortex-A"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_02070","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]}}}