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Within the frontal cortex, dopamine plays an important role in cognitive control functions, and we hypothesized that dopamine may preferentially influence top\u2013down connections within the lateral frontal hierarchy. Using a randomized, double-blind, within-subject design, we analyzed resting-state fMRI data of 66 healthy young participants who were scanned once each after administration of bromocriptine (a dopamine agonist with preferential affinity for D2 receptor), tolcapone (an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase), and placebo, to determine whether dopaminergic stimulation modulated effective functional connectivity between hierarchically organized frontal regions in the left hemisphere. We found that dopaminergic drugs modulated connections from the caudal middle frontal gyrus and the inferior frontal sulcus to both rostral and caudal frontal areas. In dorsal frontal regions, effectivity connectivity strength was increased, whereas in ventral frontal regions, effective connectivity strength was decreased. These findings suggest that connections within frontal cortex are differentially modulated by dopamine, which may bias the influence that frontal regions exert over each other.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T14:32:00Z","timestamp":1698676320000},"page":"155-166","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dopamine Modulates Effective Connectivity in Frontal Cortex"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Vogelsang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"Leiden University"}]},{"given":"Daniella J.","family":"Furman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}]},{"given":"Derek E.","family":"Nee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida State University"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Pappas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"University of Southern California"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Robert L.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Kayser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"VA Northern California Health Care System"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"D'Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"VA Northern California Health Care System"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023120716091029800_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.08.053","article-title":"Variability and reliability of effective connectivity within the core default mode network: A multi-site 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