{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:35:48Z","timestamp":1774316148603,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009917","name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N000142212453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N000142212453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS123120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS123120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH11559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH11559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01GM118269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01GM118269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007457","name":"JPB Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007457","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A critical component of anesthesia is the loss of sensory perception. Propofol is the most widely used drug for general anesthesia, but the neural mechanisms of how and when it disrupts sensory processing are not fully understood. We analyzed local field potential and spiking recorded from Utah arrays in auditory cortex, associative cortex, and cognitive cortex of nonhuman primates before and during propofol-mediated unconsciousness. Sensory stimuli elicited robust and decodable stimulus responses and triggered periods of stimulus-related synchronization between brain areas in the local field potential of Awake animals. By contrast, propofol-mediated unconsciousness eliminated stimulus-related synchrony and drastically weakened stimulus responses and information in all brain areas except for auditory cortex, where responses and information persisted. However, we found stimuli occurring during spiking Up states triggered weaker spiking responses than in Awake animals in auditory cortex, and little or no spiking responses in higher order areas. These results suggest that propofol's effect on sensory processing is not just because of asynchronous Down states. Rather, both Down states and Up states reflect disrupted dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T10:33:47Z","timestamp":1698662027000},"page":"394-413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Propofol-mediated Unconsciousness Disrupts Progression of Sensory Signals through the Cortical Hierarchy"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5453-046X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John M.","family":"Tauber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"}]},{"given":"Scott L.","family":"Brincat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"}]},{"given":"Emily P.","family":"Stephen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University, MA"}]},{"given":"Jacob A.","family":"Donoghue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Kozachkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"}]},{"given":"Emery N.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"},{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA"}]},{"given":"Earl K.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2021.02.003","article-title":"Consciousness depends on integration between parietal cortex, striatum, and thalamus","volume":"12","author":"Afrasiabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Systems"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.04.011","article-title":"Neural oscillations demonstrate that general anesthesia and sedative states are neurophysiologically distinct from sleep","volume":"44","author":"Akeju","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10872","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6174-09.2010","article-title":"Sensory input drives multiple intracellular information streams in somatosensory cortex","volume":"30","author":"Alenda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.1999.0423","article-title":"Toward a unified theory of narcosis: Brain imaging evidence for a thalamocortical switch as the neurophysiologic basis of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness","volume":"9","author":"Alkire","year":"2000","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2019.12.002","article-title":"The vigilant sleeper: Neural mechanisms of sensory (de)coupling during sleep","volume":"15","author":"Andrillon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Physiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6583","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0902-16.2016","article-title":"Neural markers of responsiveness to the environment in human sleep","volume":"36","author":"Andrillon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5283.1868","article-title":"Dynamics of ongoing activity: Explanation of the large variability in evoked cortical responses","volume":"273","author":"Arieli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-06-02209.1999","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms contributing to response variability of cortical neurons in vivo","volume":"19","author":"Azouz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2311996","article-title":"A review of multitaper spectral analysis","volume":"61","author":"Babadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10635","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-24-10635.1999","article-title":"The general anesthetic propofol slows deactivation and desensitization of GABA(a) receptors","volume":"19","author":"Bai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116627","article-title":"Cortical functional connectivity indexes arousal state during sleep and anesthesia","volume":"211","author":"Banks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.05.054","article-title":"Altered stimulus representation in rat auditory cortex is not causal for loss of consciousness under general anaesthesia","volume":"121","author":"Banks","year":"2018","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib13","volume-title":"An introduction to splines for use in computer graphics and geometric modeling","author":"Bartels","year":"1995"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60284","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60824","article-title":"Neural effects of propofol-induced unconsciousness and its reversal using thalamic stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Bastos","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.018","article-title":"Visual areas exert feedforward and feedback influences through distinct frequency channels","volume":"85","author":"Bastos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib16","volume-title":"Pattern recognition and machine learning","author":"Bishop","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7082","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3769-11.2012","article-title":"Connectivity changes underlying spectral EEG changes during propofol-induced loss of consciousness","volume":"32","author":"Boly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181f697f5","article-title":"Breakdown of within- and between-network resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity during propofol-induced loss of consciousness","volume":"113","author":"Boveroux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.8346152","volume-title":"spynal: Simple Python Neural Analysis Library (v0.1.2)","author":"Brincat","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0808281","article-title":"General anesthesia, sleep, and coma","volume":"363","author":"Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-060909-153200","article-title":"General anesthesia and altered states of arousal: A systems neuroscience analysis","volume":"34","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3241","article-title":"The origin of extracellular fields and currents\u2014EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes","volume":"13","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcab248","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab248","article-title":"Implantable brain\u2013computer interface for neuroprosthetic-enabled volitional hand grasp restoration in spinal cord injury","volume":"3","author":"Cajigas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9387","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0914-22.2022","article-title":"Deterministic and stochastic components of cortical down states: Dynamics and modulation","volume":"42","author":"Camassa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2009.06-08-799","article-title":"Discrete-and continuous-time probabilistic models and algorithms for inferring neuronal UP and DOWN states","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22665","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017069108","article-title":"Thalamocortical model for a propofol-induced alpha-rhythm associated with loss of consciousness","volume":"107","author":"Ching","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9609.001.0001","volume-title":"Analyzing neural time series data: Theory and practice","author":"Cohen","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018","article-title":"Support-vector networks","volume":"20","author":"Cortes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826266","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.826266","article-title":"Thalamo-prefrontal connectivity correlates with early command-following after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400883868","volume-title":"Mathematical methods of statistics","author":"Cram\u00e9r","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3509","article-title":"Prefrontal neurons transmit signals to parietal neurons that reflect executive control of cognition","volume":"16","author":"Crowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/b97277","volume-title":"An introduction to the theory of point processes: Volume I: Elementary theory and methods","author":"Daley","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.034","article-title":"Mechanisms of evoked and induced responses in MEG\/EEG","volume":"31","author":"David","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16032","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701309104","article-title":"Dissociating speech perception and comprehension at reduced levels of awareness","volume":"104","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.03.018","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing","volume":"70","author":"Dehaene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x","article-title":"Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm","volume":"39","author":"Dempster","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.04.006","article-title":"Are corticothalamic \u2018up\u2019 states fragments of wakefulness?","volume":"30","author":"Destexhe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177732594","article-title":"The limiting distributions of certain statistics","volume":"6","author":"Doob","year":"1935","journal-title":"Annals of Mathematical Statistics"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/65.3.457","article-title":"Assessing the accuracy of the maximum likelihood estimator: Observed versus expected fisher information","volume":"65","author":"Efron","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01168-5","article-title":"Awake perception is associated with dedicated neuronal assemblies in the cerebral cortex","volume":"25","author":"Filipchuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118723203","volume-title":"Practical methods of optimization","author":"Fletcher","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6660","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700148114","article-title":"Thalamocortical synchronization during induction and emergence from propofol-induced unconsciousness","volume":"114","author":"Flores","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.08.011","article-title":"A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: Neuronal communication through neuronal coherence","volume":"9","author":"Fries","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.034","article-title":"Rhythms for cognition: Communication through coherence","volume":"88","author":"Fries","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01857","article-title":"What to do if N is two?","volume":"34","author":"Fries","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009280","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009280","article-title":"A Hidden Markov Model reliably characterizes ketamine-induced spectral dynamics in macaque local field potentials and human electroencephalograms","volume":"17","author":"Garwood","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200002000-00043","article-title":"Awareness during anesthesia","volume":"92","author":"Ghoneim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4186","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01114.2006","article-title":"Enhancement of visual responsiveness by spontaneous local network activity in vivo","volume":"97","author":"Haider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(90)90093-9","article-title":"Analysis of time series subject to changes in regime","volume":"45","author":"Hamilton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9607","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2184-07.2007","article-title":"State changes rapidly modulate cortical neuronal responsiveness","volume":"27","author":"Hasenstaub","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7","volume-title":"The elements of statistical learning: Data mining, inference, and prediction","author":"Hastie","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01107-4","article-title":"Reduced neural feedback signaling despite robust neuron and gamma auditory responses during human sleep","volume":"25","author":"Hayat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200403000-00023","article-title":"Sequential effects of increasing propofol sedation on frontal and temporal cortices as indexed by auditory event-related potentials","volume":"100","author":"Heinke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2005.08.006","article-title":"Emerging molecular mechanisms of general anesthetic action","volume":"26","author":"Hemmings","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends in Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2019.05.001","article-title":"Towards a comprehensive understanding of anesthetic mechanisms of action: A decade of discovery","volume":"40","author":"Hemmings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11838","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3501-07.2007","article-title":"The upshot of up states in the neocortex: From slow oscillations to memory formation","volume":"27","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.06.018","article-title":"Volatile anesthetics disrupt frontal-posterior recurrent information transfer at gamma frequencies in rat","volume":"387","author":"Imas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7718","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4577-15.2016","article-title":"Dynamics of propofol-induced loss of consciousness across primate neocortex","volume":"36","author":"Ishizawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4920-10.2011","article-title":"Altered neural responses to sounds in primate primary auditory cortex during slow-wave sleep","volume":"31","author":"Issa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1162\/089976601300014312","article-title":"Sampling properties of the spectrum and coherency of sequences of action potentials","volume":"13","author":"Jarvis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9602-1","volume-title":"Analysis of neural data","author":"Kass","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00648.2004","article-title":"Statistical issues in the analysis of neuronal data","volume":"94","author":"Kass","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib64","first-page":"83","article-title":"Awareness during anesthesia: How sure can we be that the patient is sleeping indeed?","volume":"13","author":"Kotsovolis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib65","volume-title":"Case studies in neural data analysis: A guide for the practicing neuroscientist","author":"Kramer","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11770","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917251117","article-title":"Anesthesia-induced loss of consciousness disrupts auditory responses beyond primary cortex","volume":"117","author":"Krom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:4&lt;194::AID-HBM4&gt;3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Measuring phase synchrony in brain signals","volume":"8","author":"Lachaux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15082-5","article-title":"Network properties in transitions of consciousness during propofol-induced sedation","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31829103f5","article-title":"Disruption of frontal\u2013parietal communication by ketamine, propofol, and sevoflurane","volume":"118","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181adf768","article-title":"Dreaming and electroencephalographic changes during anesthesia maintained with propofol or desflurane","volume":"111","author":"Leslie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt174","article-title":"Local cortical dynamics of burst suppression in the anaesthetized brain","volume":"136","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e08760","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08760","article-title":"Thalamic reticular nucleus induces fast and local modulation of arousal state","volume":"4","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3377","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210907109","article-title":"Rapid fragmentation of neuronal networks at the onset of propofol-induced unconsciousness","volume":"109","author":"Lewis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib74","volume-title":"SSM: Bayesian learning and inference for state space models","author":"Linderman","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318277a801","article-title":"Differential effects of deep sedation with propofol on the specific and nonspecific thalamocortical systems: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21385","article-title":"Propofol disrupts functional interactions between sensory and high-order processing of auditory verbal memory","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.04.003","article-title":"Arousal transitions in sleep, wakefulness, and anesthesia are characterized by an orderly sequence of cortical events","volume":"116","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1982.tb01203.x","article-title":"Finding the observed information matrix when using the EM algorithm","volume":"44","author":"Louis","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002637","article-title":"Propofol anesthesia increases long-range frontoparietal corticocortical interaction in the oculomotor circuit in macaque monkeys","volume":"130","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.070","article-title":"Broadband changes in the cortical surface potential track activation of functionally diverse neuronal populations","volume":"85","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02738-2","article-title":"Electrocorticography reveals thalamic control of cortical dynamics following traumatic brain injury","volume":"4","author":"Mofakham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2022.102215","article-title":"Injury to thalamocortical projections following traumatic brain injury results in attractor dynamics for cortical networks","volume":"210","author":"Mofakham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Progress in Neurobiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003271","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003271","article-title":"Dynamic change of global and local information processing in propofol-induced loss and recovery of consciousness","volume":"9","author":"Monti","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005361","article-title":"The neural circuits underlying general anesthesia and sleep","volume":"132","author":"Moody","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112844","article-title":"The non-specific matrix thalamus facilitates the cortical information processing modes relevant for conscious awareness","volume":"42","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib86","volume-title":"Probabilistic machine learning: Advanced topics","author":"Murphy","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz320","article-title":"Cholinergic switch between two types of slow waves in cerebral cortex","volume":"30","author":"Nghiem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.061","article-title":"Electrocorticographic delineation of human auditory cortical fields based on effects of propofol anesthesia","volume":"152","author":"Nourski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8441","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0967-18.2018","article-title":"Auditory predictive coding across awareness states under anesthesia: An intracranial electrophysiology study","volume":"38","author":"Nourski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5435","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab168","article-title":"Cortical responses to vowel sequences in awake and anesthetized states: A human intracranial electrophysiology study","volume":"31","author":"Nourski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198507659.001.0001","volume-title":"In all likelihood: Statistical modelling and inference using likelihood","author":"Pawitan","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib92","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0171-8","article-title":"Investigating large-scale brain dynamics using field potential recordings: Analysis and interpretation","volume":"21","author":"Pesaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13638","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2235811100","article-title":"Interaction of sensory responses with spontaneous depolarization in layer 2\/3 barrel cortex","volume":"100","author":"Petersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221180110","article-title":"Electroencephalogram signatures of loss and recovery of consciousness from propofol","volume":"110","author":"Purdon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000841","article-title":"Clinical electroencephalography for anesthesiologists: Part I: Background and basic signatures","volume":"123","author":"Purdon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/5.18626","article-title":"A tutorial on Hidden Markov Models and selected applications in speech recognition","volume":"77","author":"Rabiner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000610","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000610","article-title":"Different origins of gamma rhythm and high-gamma activity in macaque visual cortex","volume":"9","author":"Ray","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00191","article-title":"Preferential effect of isoflurane on top\u2013down vs. bottom\u2013up pathways in sensory cortex","volume":"8","author":"Raz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.01.005","article-title":"Thalamus modulates consciousness via layer-specific control of cortex","volume":"106","author":"Redinbaugh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e670","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000670","article-title":"Synaptic transmission and plasticity in an active cortical network","volume":"2","author":"Reig","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2004-14.2015","article-title":"Gain modulation of synaptic inputs by network state in auditory cortex in vivo","volume":"35","author":"Reig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4261","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0003-07.2007","article-title":"Thalamocortical up states: Differential effects of intrinsic and extrinsic cortical inputs on persistent activity","volume":"27","author":"Rigas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3511","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00347.2004","article-title":"Effect of subthreshold up and down states on the whisker-evoked response in somatosensory cortex","volume":"92","author":"Sachdev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-018-0672-3","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol","volume":"57","author":"Sahinovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57685","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057685","article-title":"Enhanced stimulus-induced gamma activity in humans during propofol-induced sedation","volume":"8","author":"Saxena","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22073","article-title":"Thalamic amplification of cortical connectivity sustains attentional control","volume":"545","author":"Schmitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-011","article-title":"Statsmodels: Econometric and statistical modeling with Python","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference","author":"Seabold","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000130261.90896.6C","article-title":"The incidence of awareness during anesthesia: A multicenter United States study","volume":"99","author":"Sebel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5758","article-title":"Responses in rat core auditory cortex are preserved during sleep spindle oscillations","volume":"39","author":"Sela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.55.030193.002025","article-title":"Synchronization of cortical activity and its putative role in information processing and learning","volume":"55","author":"Singer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annual Review of Physiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1162\/089976603765202622","article-title":"Estimating a state-space model from point process observations","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8856817","article-title":"Multitaper infinite Hidden Markov Model for EEG","volume-title":"41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","author":"Song","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00068.2022","article-title":"Rapid thalamocortical network switching mediated by cortical synchronization underlies propofol-induced EEG signatures: A biophysical model","volume":"130","author":"Soplata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8235588","article-title":"Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain","volume":"262","author":"Steriade","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.85.5.1969","article-title":"Natural waking and sleep states: A view from inside neocortical neurons","volume":"85","author":"Steriade","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.10.017","article-title":"Cortical hypersynchrony predicts breakdown of sensory processing during loss of consciousness","volume":"21","author":"Supp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176345208","article-title":"Uniform asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator","volume":"8","author":"Sweeting","year":"1980","journal-title":"Annals of Statistics"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabl5547","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl5547","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the thalamus restores signatures of consciousness in a nonhuman primate model","volume":"8","author":"Tasserie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.44","article-title":"Integrated information theory: From consciousness to its physical substrate","volume":"17","author":"Tononi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609645","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2021.609645","article-title":"Up and down states during slow oscillations in slow-wave sleep and different levels of anesthesia","volume":"15","author":"Torao-Angosto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2307\/3315677","article-title":"Hidden Markov chains in generalized linear models","volume":"26","author":"Turner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Statistics\/La Revue Canadienne de Statistique"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.04.026","article-title":"Subjective experiences during dexmedetomidine- or propofol-induced unresponsiveness and non-rapid eye movement sleep in healthy male subjects","volume":"131","author":"Valli","year":"2023","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14332","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402773111","article-title":"Alpha and gamma oscillations characterize feedback and feedforward processing in monkey visual cortex","volume":"111","author":"van Kerkoerle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5670-12.2013","article-title":"Thalamocortical mechanisms for the anteriorization of alpha rhythms during propofol-induced unconsciousness","volume":"33","author":"Vijayan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","article-title":"SciPy 1.0: Fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python","volume":"17","author":"Virtanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1983.10477977","article-title":"Splines in statistics","volume":"78","author":"Wegman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2207831120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2207831120","article-title":"Propofol disrupts alpha dynamics in functionally distinct thalamocortical networks during loss of consciousness","volume":"120","author":"Weiner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2025020101013728200_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.08.007","article-title":"Differential cortical network engagement during states of un\/consciousness in humans","author":"Zelmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/36\/2\/394\/2208664\/jocn_a_02081.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/36\/2\/394\/2208664\/jocn_a_02081.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T20:01:53Z","timestamp":1738353713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/36\/2\/394\/117931\/Propofol-mediated-Unconsciousness-Disrupts"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_02081","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.06.25.546463","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}