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The former process relies on mnemonic discrimination and is believed to depend on hippocampal pattern separation, whereas the latter is believed to depend on generalization signals and conceptual categorization supported by the neocortex. Here, we examine whether and how the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) supports discrimination and generalization on a widely used task that was primarily designed to tax hippocampal processes. Ten individuals with lesions to the vMPFC and 46 neurotypical control participants were administered an adapted version of the mnemonic similarity task [Stark, S. M., Yassa, M. A., Lacy, J. W., &amp; Stark, C. E. L. A task to assess behavioral pattern separation (BPS) in humans: Data from healthy aging and mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 51, 2442\u20132449, 2013], which assesses the ability to distinguish previously learned images of everyday objects (targets) from unstudied, highly similar images (lures) and dissimilar images (foils). Relative to controls, vMPFC-lesioned individuals showed intact discrimination of lures from targets but a propensity to mistake studied targets and similar lures for dissimilar foils. This pattern was accompanied by inflated confidence despite low accuracy when responding to similar lures. These findings demonstrate a more general role of the vMPFC in memory retrieval, rather than a specific role in supporting pattern separation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T16:37:58Z","timestamp":1701967078000},"page":"435-446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Does Not Play a Selective Role in Pattern Separation"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Lauzon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada"},{"name":"Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Canada"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Chiasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Italy"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Rabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Canada"},{"name":"Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4797-8060","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elisa","family":"Ciaramelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology \u2018Renzo Canestrari\u2019, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5328-8675","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"R. 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