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However, previous neuroscience studies have focused mainly on neural substrates for visuospatial and semantic analogies. There has not yet been research on the neural correlates of analogical reasoning on syntactic patterns generated by the syntactic rules, a key feature of human language faculty. The present investigation took an initial step to address this paucity. Twenty-four participants, whose brain activity was monitored by fMRI, engaged in first-order and second-order relational judgments of syntactic patterns as well as simple and complex working memory tasks. After scanning, participants rated the difficulty of each step during analogical reasoning; these ratings were related to signal intensities in activated regions of interest using Spearman correlation analyses. After prior research, differences in activation levels during second-order and first-order relational judgments were taken as evidence of analogical reasoning. These analyses showed that analogical reasoning on syntactic patterns recruited brain regions consistent with those supporting visuospatial and semantic analogies, including the anterior and posterior parts of the left middle frontal gyrus, anatomically corresponding to the left rostrolateral pFC and the left dorsolateral pFC. The correlation results further revealed that the posterior middle frontal gyrus might be involved in analogical access and mapping with syntactic patterns. Our study is the first to investigate the process of analogical reasoning on syntactic patterns at the neurobiological level and provide evidence of the specific functional roles of related regions during subprocesses of analogical reasoning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T00:20:47Z","timestamp":1706919647000},"page":"854-871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neural Correlates of Analogical Reasoning on Syntactic Patterns"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Zhongshan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8045-6213","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhuqian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University"}]},{"given":"Jinshan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University"}]},{"given":"Luyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024041015085201900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723720905921","article-title":"Syntax and the failure of analogical generalization: A commentary on Ambridge (2020)","volume":"40","author":"Adger","year":"2020","journal-title":"First Language"},{"key":"2024041015085201900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu254","article-title":"Morphometry of left frontal and temporal poles predicts analogical reasoning abilities","volume":"26","author":"Aichelburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024041015085201900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723720949723","article-title":"Abstractions made of exemplars or \u2018You're all right, and I've changed my mind': Response to commentators","volume":"40","author":"Ambridge","year":"2020","journal-title":"First Language"},{"key":"2024041015085201900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723719869731","article-title":"Against stored abstractions: A radical exemplar model of language acquisition","volume":"40","author":"Ambridge","year":"2020","journal-title":"First Language"},{"key":"2024041015085201900_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2014.06.002","article-title":"Extending problem-solving procedures through reflection","volume":"74","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2024041015085201900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.08.017","article-title":"Neural circuits of hierarchical visuo-spatial sequence processing","volume":"1298","author":"Bahlmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"2024041015085201900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.05.022","article-title":"Dorsolateral prefrontal contributions to human working memory","volume":"49","author":"Barbey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2024041015085201900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.12.002","article-title":"Evolution, brain, and the nature of language","volume":"17","author":"Berwick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024041015085201900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.07.006","article-title":"Dual coding of knowledge in the human brain","volume":"25","author":"Bi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024041015085201900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","article-title":"Where is the semantic system? 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