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Recent behavioral evidence suggests that the classic distinction between voluntary (goal-driven) and involuntary (stimulus-driven) influences over attentional allocation also applies to the selection of internal representations held in working memory. In the current EEG study, we set out to investigate the neural dynamics associated with the competition between voluntary and involuntary control over the focus of attention in visual working memory. We show that when voluntary and involuntary factors compete for the internal focus of attention, prioritization of the appropriate item is delayed\u2014as reflected both in delayed gaze biases that track internal selection and in delayed neural beta (15\u201325 Hz) dynamics that track the planning for the upcoming memory-guided manual action. We further show how this competition is paralleled\u2014possibly resolved\u2014by an increase in frontal midline theta (4\u20138 Hz) activity that, moreover, predicts the speed of ensuing memory-guided behavior. Finally, because theta increased following retrocues that effectively reduced working-memory load, our data unveil how frontal theta activity during internal attentional focusing tracks demands on cognitive control over and above working-memory load. Together, these data yield new insight into the neural dynamics that govern the focus of attention in visual working memory, and disentangle the contributions of frontal midline theta activity to the processes of control versus retention in working memory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T12:43:06Z","timestamp":1707223386000},"page":"815-827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Neural Signatures of Competition between Voluntary and Involuntary Influences over the Focus of Attention in Visual Working Memory"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0354-2388","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yun","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison"}]},{"given":"Bradley 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