{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T15:36:10Z","timestamp":1777995370106,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["195083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["195083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["214404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["214404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH063901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH063901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K99\/R00MH126161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99\/R00MH126161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cognitive control allows behavior to be guided according to environmental contexts and internal goals. During cognitive control tasks, fMRI analyses typically reveal increased activation in frontal and parietal networks, and EEG analyses reveal increased amplitude of neural oscillations in the delta\/theta band (2\u20133, 4\u20137 Hz) in frontal electrodes. Previous studies proposed that theta-band activity reflects the maintenance of rules associating stimuli to appropriate actions (i.e., the rule set), whereas delta synchrony is specifically associated with the control over the context for when to apply a set of rules (i.e., the rule abstraction). We tested these predictions using EEG and fMRI data collected during the performance of a hierarchical cognitive control task that manipulated the level of abstraction of task rules and their set-size. Our results show a clear separation of delta and theta oscillations in the control of rule abstraction and of stimulus\u2013action associations, respectively, in distinct frontoparietal association networks. These findings support a model by which frontoparietal networks operate through dynamic, multiplexed neural processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T18:17:05Z","timestamp":1707243425000},"page":"916-935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Multiplexed Levels of Cognitive Control through Delta and Theta Neural Oscillations"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0304-7253","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mattia F.","family":"Pagnotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Riddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida State University"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"D'Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3668","article-title":"Oscillatory multiplexing of population codes for selective communication in the mammalian brain","volume":"15","author":"Akam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.02.004","article-title":"Cognitive control, hierarchy, and the rostro-caudal organization of the frontal lobes","volume":"12","author":"Badre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.12.2082","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a hierarchical organization of the prefrontal cortex","volume":"19","author":"Badre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2667","article-title":"Is the rostro-caudal axis of the frontal lobe hierarchical?","volume":"10","author":"Badre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr117","article-title":"Mechanisms of hierarchical reinforcement learning in cortico-striatal circuits 2: Evidence from fMRI","volume":"22","author":"Badre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.11.005","article-title":"Frontal cortex and the hierarchical control of behavior","volume":"22","author":"Badre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.038","article-title":"Parallel interdigitated distributed networks within the individual estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity","volume":"95","author":"Braga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2001665","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001665","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of rhythm-based temporal prediction: Delta phase-locking reflects temporal predictability but not rhythmic entrainment","volume":"15","author":"Breska","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.4.4.564","article-title":"How we use rules to select actions: A review of evidence from cognitive neuroscience","volume":"4","author":"Bunge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01940","article-title":"Working memory is complex and dynamic, like your thoughts","volume":"35","author":"Buschman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195301069.001.0001","volume-title":"Rhythms of the brain","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2006"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099745","article-title":"Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks","volume":"304","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.09.001","article-title":"The functional role of cross-frequency coupling","volume":"14","author":"Canolty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.04.012","article-title":"Frontal theta as a mechanism for cognitive control","volume":"18","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7276","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0233-22.2022","article-title":"Dynamics of hierarchical task representations","volume":"42","author":"Cellier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01229","article-title":"Evidence for a functional hierarchy of association networks","volume":"30","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.09.037","article-title":"Convergence of prefrontal and parietal anatomical projections in a connectional hub in the striatum","volume":"146","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00270.2012","article-title":"The organization of the human striatum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity","volume":"108","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00479.2013","article-title":"Midfrontal conflict-related theta-band power reflects neural oscillations that predict behavior","volume":"110","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.022","article-title":"Frontal theta predicts specific cognitive control-induced behavioural changes beyond general reaction time slowing","volume":"189","author":"Cooper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00197-9","article-title":"Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory","volume":"7","author":"Curtis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015031","article-title":"The cognitive neuroscience of working memory","volume":"66","author":"D'Esposito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy223","article-title":"Priority switches in visual working memory are supported by frontal delta and posterior alpha interactions","volume":"28","author":"de Vries","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.020","article-title":"Analyzing information flow in brain networks with nonparametric Granger causality","volume":"41","author":"Dhamala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"018701","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.018701","article-title":"Estimating granger causality from Fourier and wavelet transforms of time series data","volume":"100","author":"Dhamala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physical Review Letters"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7143","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1486-08.2008","article-title":"Evidence for segregated and integrative connectivity patterns in the human basal ganglia","volume":"28","author":"Draganski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17373","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0598-12.2012","article-title":"Hierarchical organization of cognition reflected in distributed frontoparietal activity","volume":"32","author":"Farooqui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.117870","article-title":"Neural oscillations track the maintenance and proceduralization of novel instructions","volume":"232","author":"Formica","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr114","article-title":"Mechanisms of hierarchical reinforcement learning in corticostriatal circuits 1: Computational analysis","volume":"22","author":"Frank","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460020402","article-title":"Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach","volume":"2","author":"Friston","year":"1994","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00285-9","article-title":"The prefrontal cortex\u2013an update: Time is of the essence","volume":"30","author":"Fuster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1982.10477803","article-title":"Measurement of linear dependence and feedback between multiple time series","volume":"77","author":"Geweke","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.11.030188.001033","article-title":"Topography of cognition: Parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex","volume":"11","author":"Goldman-Rakic","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.07.065","article-title":"Detection of time-varying signals in event-related fMRI designs","volume":"43","author":"Grinband","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2003.10.003","article-title":"The primate basal ganglia: Parallel and integrative networks","volume":"26","author":"Haber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374236-0.10020-3","article-title":"The basal ganglia","volume-title":"The human nervous system","author":"Haber","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.12.016","article-title":"Neural entrainment and network resonance in support of top\u2013down guided attention","volume":"29","author":"Helfrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.09.007","article-title":"Oscillatory dynamics of prefrontal cognitive control","volume":"20","author":"Helfrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108674287.017","article-title":"The thalamus in cognitive control","volume-title":"The thalamus","author":"Hwang","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.10.007","article-title":"\u03b1-band oscillations, attention, and controlled access to stored information","volume":"16","author":"Klimesch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1088545","article-title":"The architecture of cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex","volume":"302","author":"Koechlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.04.005","article-title":"An information theoretical approach to prefrontal executive function","volume":"11","author":"Koechlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/13506285.2021.1899091","article-title":"Reframing the debate: The distributed systems view of working memory","volume":"29","author":"Lorenc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Visual Cognition"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36555-4","article-title":"Working memory control dynamics follow principles of spatial computing","volume":"14","author":"Lundqvist","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.02.028","article-title":"Gamma and beta bursts underlie working memory","volume":"90","author":"Lundqvist","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","article-title":"Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data","volume":"164","author":"Maris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.068","article-title":"A generalized form of context-dependent psychophysiological interactions (gPPI): A comparison to standard approaches","volume":"61","author":"McLaren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01152-w","article-title":"The role of PFC networks in cognitive control and executive function","volume":"47","author":"Menon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.167","article-title":"An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function","volume":"24","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.023","article-title":"Working memory 2.0","volume":"100","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57244","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.57244","article-title":"Integrative frontal-parietal dynamics supporting cognitive control","volume":"10","author":"Nee","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12112","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.12112","article-title":"The hierarchical organization of the lateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"5","author":"Nee","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28040","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.28040","article-title":"Causal evidence for lateral prefrontal cortex dynamics supporting cognitive control","volume":"6","author":"Nee","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56441\/hilbertpress.2207.6598","volume-title":"Handbook of functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging methods in CONN","author":"Nieto-Castanon","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156869","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","article-title":"FieldTrip: Open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data","volume":"2011","author":"Oostenveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.07.046","article-title":"Benchmarking nonparametric Granger causality: Robustness against downsampling and influence of spectral decomposition parameters","volume":"183","author":"Pagnotta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib59","volume-title":"Statistical parametric mapping: The analysis of functional brain images","author":"Penny","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2022.107688","article-title":"Generalizing the control architecture of the lateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"195","author":"Pitts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2015.05.003","article-title":"Parallel temporal dynamics in hierarchical cognitive control","volume":"142","author":"Ranti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2021.102033","article-title":"Causal role of cross-frequency coupling in distinct components of cognitive control","volume":"202","author":"Riddle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Progress in Neurobiology"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050605","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.1050605","article-title":"A guide for concurrent TMS-fMRI to investigate functional brain networks","volume":"16","author":"Riddle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4945","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0617-20.2020","article-title":"Distinct oscillatory dynamics underlie different components of hierarchical cognitive control","volume":"40","author":"Riddle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-018-0691-2","article-title":"Estimating EEG source dipole orientation based on singular-value decomposition for connectivity analysis","volume":"32","author":"Rubega","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Topography"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13335","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13335","article-title":"Cluster-based permutation tests of MEG\/EEG data do not establish significance of effect latency or location","volume":"56","author":"Sassenhagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.02.006","article-title":"Be prepared: Tune to FM-theta for cognitive control","volume":"42","author":"Sauseng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22073","article-title":"Thalamic amplification of cortical connectivity sustains attentional control","volume":"545","author":"Schmitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.12.007","article-title":"Reaffirming the sensory recruitment account of working memory","volume":"22","author":"Scimeca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-022-01335-5","article-title":"Theta oscillations shift towards optimal frequency for cognitive control","volume":"6","author":"Senoussi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-023-00701-0","article-title":"The impact of the human thalamus on brain-wide information processing","volume":"24","author":"Shine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.001","article-title":"Revisiting the role of persistent neural activity during working memory","volume":"18","author":"Sreenivasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0176-7","article-title":"The what, where and how of delay activity","volume":"20","author":"Sreenivasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001936","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001936","article-title":"Dynamic changes in phase-amplitude coupling facilitate spatial attention control in fronto-parietal cortex","volume":"12","author":"Szczepanski","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.011","article-title":"Insights into human behavior from lesions to the prefrontal cortex","volume":"83","author":"Szczepanski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079&lt;0061:APGTWA&gt;2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A practical guide to wavelet analysis","volume":"79","author":"Torrence","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13759","article-title":"Mnemonic and attentional roles for states of attenuated alpha oscillations in perceptual working memory: A review","volume":"48","author":"van Ede","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1109\/10.623056","article-title":"Localization of brain electrical activity via linearly constrained minimum variance spatial filtering","volume":"44","author":"Van Veen","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4071","article-title":"Oscillatory dynamics coordinating human frontal networks in support of goal maintenance","volume":"18","author":"Voytek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/35082081","article-title":"Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules","volume":"411","author":"Wallis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-015-0448-0","article-title":"Separating fractal and oscillatory components in the power spectrum of neurophysiological signal","volume":"29","author":"Wen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Topography"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20110610","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2011.0610","article-title":"Multivariate Granger causality: An estimation framework based on factorization of the spectral density matrix","volume":"371","author":"Wen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2012.0073","article-title":"Conn: A functional connectivity toolbox for correlated and anticorrelated brain networks","volume":"2","author":"Whitfield-Gabrieli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Connectivity"},{"key":"2024041015092185100_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2011","article-title":"The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity","volume":"106","author":"Yeo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/36\/5\/916\/2361314\/jocn_a_02124.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/36\/5\/916\/2361314\/jocn_a_02124.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T15:10:00Z","timestamp":1712761800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/36\/5\/916\/119443\/Multiplexed-Levels-of-Cognitive-Control-through"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_02124","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}