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In the present study, we investigated whether VAN is indeed a specific marker of phenomenal awareness or rather reflects the involvement of attention. To this end, we reanalyzed data collected in a previously published EEG experiment in which awareness of visual stimuli and two aspects that define attentional involvement, namely, the inherent saliency and task relevance of a stimulus, were manipulated orthogonally. During the experimental procedure, participants (n = 41) were presented with images of faces that were backward-masked or unmasked, fearful or neutral, and defined as task-relevant targets or task-irrelevant distractors. Single-trial ERP analysis revealed that VAN was highly dependent on attentional manipulations in the early time window (140\u2013200 msec), up to the point that the effect of awareness was not observed for attentionally irrelevant stimuli (i.e., neutral faces presented as distractors). In the late time window (200\u2013350 msec), VAN was present in all attentional conditions, but its amplitude was significantly higher in response to fearful faces and task-relevant face images than in response to neutral ones and task-irrelevant ones, respectively. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the amplitude of VAN is highly dependent on both exogenous (stimulus saliency) and endogenous attention (task requirements). Our results challenge the view that VAN constitutes an attention-independent correlate of phenomenal awareness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T20:31:40Z","timestamp":1712349100000},"page":"1297-1324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Early Electrophysiological Correlates of Perceptual Consciousness Are Affected by Both Exogenous and Endogenous Attention"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"\u0141ucja","family":"Doradzi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Bola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024061416405583700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv108","article-title":"Occipital MEG activity in the early time range (&lt; 300 ms) predicts graded changes in perceptual consciousness","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416405583700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5810","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15820","article-title":"Task requirements affect the neural correlates of consciousness","volume":"56","author":"Andersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416405583700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.12.003","article-title":"Distilling the neural correlates of consciousness","volume":"36","author":"Aru","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2024061416405583700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11878","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4243-12.2013","article-title":"Subjective rating of weak tactile stimuli is parametrically encoded in event-related potentials","volume":"33","author":"Auksztulewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416405583700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3974-11.2012","article-title":"Recurrent neural processing and somatosensory awareness","volume":"32","author":"Auksztulewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416405583700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.11.003","article-title":"Exploring the unconscious using faces","volume":"19","author":"Axelrod","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024061416405583700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","article-title":"Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal","volume":"68","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2024061416405583700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1506.04967","article-title":"Parsimonious mixed models","author":"Bates","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"2024061416405583700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2024061416405583700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742513","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.742513","article-title":"Perceptual awareness negativity\u2014Does it reflect awareness or attention?","volume":"15","author":"Bola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416405583700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13759","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13759","article-title":"The self-face captures attention without consciousness: Evidence from the N2pc ERP component analysis","volume":"58","author":"Bola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2024061416405583700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9603","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3218-16.2017","article-title":"Are the neural correlates of consciousness in the front or in the back of the cerebral cortex? 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