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EEG was recorded during anticipation and encoding of novel labeling events performed by a speaker who had previously shown either competence (correct) or incompetence (incorrect) in labeling familiar objects. In both groups, children selected the target object equally often upon recall. However, children observing the incompetent speaker revealed weaker representations of novel words indicated by an increased likelihood for selecting familiar but incorrect items upon recall. Modulations in theta and alpha power suggest differential processing of novel label\u2013object pairs depending on the speakers' competence. In the incompetent, but not the competent, speaker condition, increases in prefrontal theta power during anticipation and encoding were related to increased recall success. Findings suggest that theta power in the present study reflects cognitive control. In both conditions, occipital alpha power\u2014indicating attentional processes\u2014reflected familiarity with novel items, but in opposite directions. In familiar item trials, alpha power was increased observing the incompetent and decreased observing the competent speaker. Thus, both cognitive control and attention processes during word learning are differentially affected by speaker characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T14:49:51Z","timestamp":1713883791000},"page":"1523-1540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Speaker Competence Affects Prefrontal Theta and Occipital Alpha Power during Selective Word Learning in Preschoolers"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0395-2600","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julia","family":"Brehm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich"}]},{"given":"Liridona","family":"Hoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich"}]},{"given":"Myriam C.","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6399-9996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Markus","family":"Werkle-Bergner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9812-9694","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anja","family":"Gampe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich"},{"name":"University of Duisburg-Essen"}]},{"given":"Moritz M.","family":"Daum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024070214103826600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12936","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12936","article-title":"The role of midfrontal theta oscillations across the development of cognitive control in preschoolers and school-age children","volume":"23","author":"Adam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2024070214103826600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10702","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014528108","article-title":"Prestimulus theta activity predicts correct source memory retrieval","volume":"108","author":"Addante","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024070214103826600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00287","article-title":"Learning words through overhearing","volume":"72","author":"Akhtar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2024070214103826600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2007.00563.x","article-title":"What's in a look?","volume":"10","author":"Aslin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"2024070214103826600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.09.003","article-title":"Rhythmic neural activity indicates the contribution of attention and memory to the processing of occluded movements in 10-month-old infants","volume":"98","author":"Bache","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2024070214103826600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.12.048","article-title":"Hippocampal-prefrontal theta oscillations support memory integration","volume":"26","author":"Backus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2024070214103826600_bib7","unstructured":"Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., Walker, S., Christensen, R. 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