{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T03:35:53Z","timestamp":1772768153787,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":119,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DC016607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DC016607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-DC016950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DC016950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01-NS121471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-NS121471"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019335","name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019335","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018792","name":"Simons Center for the Social Brain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Human language is expressive because it is compositional: The meaning of a sentence (semantics) can be inferred from its structure (syntax). It is commonly believed that language syntax and semantics are processed by distinct brain regions. Here, we revisit this claim using precision fMRI methods to capture separation or overlap of function in the brains of individual participants. Contrary to prior claims, we find distributed sensitivity to both syntax and semantics throughout a broad frontotemporal brain network. Our results join a growing body of evidence for an integrated network for language in the human brain within which internal specialization is primarily a matter of degree rather than kind, in contrast with influential proposals that advocate distinct specialization of different brain areas for different types of linguistic functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T16:54:20Z","timestamp":1714409660000},"page":"1427-1471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Distributed Sensitivity to Syntax and Semantics throughout the Language Network"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2704-7197","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cory","family":"Shain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}]},{"given":"Hope","family":"Kean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}]},{"given":"Colton","family":"Casto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Lipkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Affourtit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Siegelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"name":"Columbia University"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Mollica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh"}]},{"given":"Evelina","family":"Fedorenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"name":"Harvard University"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555886","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.01.555886","article-title":"The entire brain, more or less is at work: \u2018Language regions\u2019 are artefacts of averaging","author":"Aliko","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.03.029","article-title":"An asymmetrical relationship between verbal and visual thinking: Converging evidence from behavior and fMRI","volume":"152","author":"Amit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4100","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1152-20.2021","article-title":"Deep artificial neural networks reveal a distributed cortical network encoding propositional sentence-level meaning","volume":"41","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018","article-title":"Unified segmentation","volume":"26","author":"Ashburner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12949","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12949","article-title":"Compositionality in a parallel architecture for language processing","volume":"45","author":"Baggio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1080\/01690965.2010.542671","article-title":"The balance between memory and unification in semantics: A dynamic account of the N400","volume":"26","author":"Baggio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Language and Cognitive Processes"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.113.3.628","article-title":"Modularity in cognition: Framing the debate","volume":"113","author":"Barrett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2015.1123281","article-title":"Neural responses to grammatically and lexically degraded speech","volume":"31","author":"Bautista","year":"2016","journal-title":"Language, Cognition and Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014818108","article-title":"Language processing in the occipital cortex of congenitally blind adults","volume":"108","author":"Bedny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013699998","article-title":"The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency","volume":"29","author":"Benjamini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Statistics"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fnevo.2012.00005","article-title":"A bird's eye view of human language evolution","volume":"4","author":"Berwick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","article-title":"Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies","volume":"19","author":"Binder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.069","article-title":"Syntactic processing is distributed across the language system","volume":"127","author":"Blank","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116925","article-title":"No evidence for differences among language regions in their temporal receptive windows","volume":"219","author":"Blank","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00884.2013","article-title":"A functional dissociation between language and multiple-demand systems revealed in patterns of BOLD signal fluctuations","volume":"112","author":"Blank","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10818","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605782113","article-title":"Sound\u2013meaning association biases evidenced across thousands of languages","volume":"113","author":"Blasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001934","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001934","article-title":"How could language have evolved?","volume":"12","author":"Bolhuis","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.01.006","article-title":"Heteromodal conceptual processing in the angular gyrus","volume":"71","author":"Bonner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.01.010","article-title":"Reconciling time, space and function: A new dorsal-ventral stream model of sentence comprehension","volume":"125","author":"Bornkessel-Schlesewsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.12.008","article-title":"Neurobiological roots of language in primate audition: Common computational properties","volume":"19","author":"Bornkessel-Schlesewsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00753.2019","article-title":"Situating the left-lateralized language network in the broader organization of multiple specialized large-scale distributed networks","volume":"124","author":"Braga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24821","article-title":"Mapping language with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging: A study on the functional profile of the language network","volume":"41","author":"Branco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0207741","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207741","article-title":"Hierarchical structure guides rapid linguistic predictions during naturalistic listening","volume":"14","author":"Brennan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2010.04.002","article-title":"Syntactic structure building in the anterior temporal lobe during natural story listening","volume":"120","author":"Brennan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2016.04.008","article-title":"Abstract linguistic structure correlates with temporal activity during naturalistic comprehension","volume":"157\u2013158","author":"Brennan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.006","article-title":"Imaging semantics and syntax","volume":"61","author":"Cappa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934x(76)90048-1","article-title":"Dissociation of algorithmic and heuristic processes in language comprehension: Evidence from aphasia","volume":"3","author":"Caramazza","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib29","first-page":"1336","article-title":"Disentangling syntax and semantics in the brain with deep networks","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Caucheteux","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7904","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad087","article-title":"The human language system, including its inferior frontal component in \u201cBroca's area,\u201d does not support music perception","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2004.10.001","article-title":"Online syntactic storage costs in sentence comprehension","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.01.047","article-title":"Linear mixed-effects modeling approach to FMRI group analysis","volume":"73","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib34","volume-title":"Aspects of the theory of syntax","author":"Chomsky","year":"1965"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib35","first-page":"383","article-title":"Bare phrase structure","author":"Chomsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Government and Binding Theory and the Minimalist Program"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib36","volume-title":"The minimalist program","author":"Chomsky","year":"1995"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.2307\/1968337","article-title":"A set of postulates for the foundation of logic","volume":"33","author":"Church","year":"1932","journal-title":"Annals of Mathematics"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","article-title":"Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"Dale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.05.051","article-title":"Exploring the role of the posterior middle temporal gyrus in semantic cognition: Integration of anterior temporal lobe with executive processes","volume":"137","author":"Davey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2018.1479530","article-title":"Features, labels, space, and time: Factors supporting taxonomic relationships in the anterior temporal lobe and thematic relationships in the angular gyrus","volume":"34","author":"Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Language, Cognition and Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4596","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv111","article-title":"Functional organization of social perception and cognition in the superior temporal sulcus","volume":"25","author":"Deen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12593.003.0021","article-title":"Human singularity and symbolic tree structures: The demodularization hypothesis","volume-title":"The neocortex","author":"Dehaene","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.06.010","article-title":"Symbols and mental programs: A hypothesis about human singularity","volume":"26","author":"Dehaene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.019","article-title":"The neural representation of sequences: From transition probabilities to algebraic patterns and linguistic trees","volume":"88","author":"Dehaene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.07.008","article-title":"Data from eye-tracking corpora as evidence for theories of syntactic processing complexity","volume":"109","author":"Demberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4536","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2036-19.2020","article-title":"The domain-general multiple demand (MD) network does not support core aspects of language comprehension: A large-scale fMRI investigation","volume":"40","author":"Diachek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.05.011","article-title":"A re-examination of neural basis of language processing: Proposal of a dynamic hodotopical model from data provided by brain stimulation mapping during picture naming","volume":"131","author":"Duffau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-1024","article-title":"Recurrent neural network grammars","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human language technologies","author":"Dyer","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2021.02.023","article-title":"The early origins and the growing popularity of the individual-subject analytic approach in human neuroscience","volume":"40","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16428","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112937108","article-title":"Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain","volume":"108","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.01.001","article-title":"Broca's area is not a natural kind","volume":"24","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2020.104348","article-title":"Lack of selectivity for syntax relative to word meanings throughout the language network","volume":"203","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.09.011","article-title":"Language-selective and domain-general regions lie side by side within Broca's area","volume":"22","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00032.2010","article-title":"New method for fMRI investigations of language: Defining ROIs functionally in individual subjects","volume":"104","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00802-4","article-title":"The language network as a natural kind within the broader landscape of the human brain","volume":"25","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-818X.2009.00143.x","article-title":"Neuroimaging of language: Why hasn't a clearer picture emerged?","volume":"3","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Language and Linguistics Compass"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.014","article-title":"Lexical and syntactic representations in the brain: An fMRI investigation with multi-voxel pattern analyses","volume":"50","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2011.01.001","article-title":"Syntactic processing in the human brain: What we know, what we don't know, and a suggestion for how to proceed","volume":"120","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6256","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612132113","article-title":"Neural correlate of the construction of sentence meaning","volume":"113","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.006","article-title":"Reworking the language network","volume":"18","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13046","article-title":"Language and thought are not the same thing: Evidence from neuroimaging and neurological patients","volume":"1369","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv020","article-title":"Concept representation reflects multimodal abstraction: A framework for embodied semantics","volume":"26","author":"Fernandino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2014.04.005","article-title":"Toward a computational framework for cognitive biology: Unifying approaches from cognitive neuroscience and comparative cognition","volume":"11","author":"Fitch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physics of Life Reviews"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12406","article-title":"Hierarchical processing in music, language, and action: Lashley revisited","volume":"1316","author":"Fitch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4737.001.0001","volume-title":"The modularity of mind: An essay on faculty psychology","author":"Fodor","year":"1983"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib65","first-page":"61","article-title":"Sequential vs. hierarchical syntactic models of human incremental sentence processing","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics (CMCL 2012)","author":"Fossum","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611409589","article-title":"Insensitivity of the human sentence-processing system to hierarchical structure","volume":"22","author":"Frank","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011829","article-title":"Concepts and compositionality: In search of the brain's language of thought","volume":"71","author":"Frankland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib68","first-page":"559","article-title":"Sentence processing: A tutorial review","volume-title":"Attention and performance 12: The psychology of reading","author":"Frazier","year":"1987"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00006.2011","article-title":"The brain basis of language processing: From structure to function","volume":"91","author":"Friederici","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11173.001.0001","volume-title":"Language in our brain: The origins of a uniquely human capacity","author":"Friederici","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460030303","article-title":"Spatial registration and normalization of images","volume":"3","author":"Friston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.05.001","article-title":"The functional anatomy of time: What and when in the brain","volume":"20","author":"Friston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.08.035","article-title":"Measuring structural-functional correspondence: Spatial variability of specialised brain regions after macro-anatomical alignment","volume":"59","author":"Frost","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-020-09503-7","article-title":"The natural stories corpus: A reading-time corpus of English texts containing rare syntactic constructions","volume":"55","author":"Futrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Language Resources and Evaluation"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3654.003.0008","article-title":"The dependency locality theory: A distance-based theory of linguistic complexity","volume-title":"Image, language, brain: Papers from the first mind articulation project symposium","author":"Gibson","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab287","article-title":"Commonalities and asymmetries in the neurobiological infrastructure for language production and comprehension","volume":"32","author":"Giglio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13325","article-title":"Progress toward openness, transparency, and reproducibility in cognitive neuroscience","volume":"1396","author":"Gilmore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18933","article-title":"A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex","volume":"536","author":"Glasser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199268511.001.0001","volume-title":"Constructions at work: The nature of generalization in language","author":"Goldberg","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-0102","article-title":"Predictive power of word surprisal for reading times is a linear function of language model quality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Computational Linguistics (CMCL 2018)","author":"Goodkind","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.27.6.1411","article-title":"Memory interference during language processing","volume":"27","author":"Gordon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.04.011","article-title":"The language skeleton after dissecting meaning: A functional segregation within Broca's area","volume":"114","author":"Goucha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib83","volume-title":"English gigaword third edition LDC2007T07","author":"Graff","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0135058100","article-title":"Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis","volume":"100","author":"Greicius","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_7","article-title":"Consequences of the serial nature of linguistic input for sentenial complexity","volume":"29","author":"Grodner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.06.003","article-title":"Stable brain loci for the processing of complex syntax: A review of the current neuroimaging evidence","volume":"142","author":"Grodzinsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.10.006","article-title":"Dual neural network model for the evolution of speech and language","volume":"39","author":"Hage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.07.004","article-title":"On Broca, brain, and binding: A new framework","volume":"9","author":"Hagoort","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib89","first-page":"159","article-title":"A probabilistic Earley parser as a psycholinguistic model","author":"Hale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Second Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_64","article-title":"Uncertainty about the rest of the sentence","volume":"30","author":"Hale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135335","article-title":"The neurobiology of individual differences in complex behavioral traits","volume":"32","author":"Hariri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5487-07.2008","article-title":"A hierarchy of temporal receptive windows in human cortex","volume":"28","author":"Hasson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib93","first-page":"690","article-title":"Scalable modified Kneser-Ney language model estimation","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 51st annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Heafield","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2201968119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2201968119","article-title":"A hierarchy of linguistic predictions during natural language comprehension","volume":"119","author":"Heilbron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.072","article-title":"Neural correlates of fixation duration in natural reading: Evidence from fixation-related fMRI","volume":"119","author":"Henderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.06.030","article-title":"The role of the supplementary motor area for speech and language processing","volume":"68","author":"Hertrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2113","article-title":"The cortical organization of speech processing","volume":"8","author":"Hickok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S754","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(18)31587-8","article-title":"Generalisability, random effects & population inference","volume":"7","author":"Holmes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4384","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac350","article-title":"Precision fMRI reveals that the language-selective network supports both phrase-structure building and lexical access during language production","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.4.665","article-title":"Syntactic and semantic modulation of neural activity during auditory sentence comprehension","volume":"18","author":"Humphries","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17637","article-title":"Natural speech reveals the semantic maps that tile human cerebral cortex","volume":"532","author":"Huth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00030","article-title":"The language network is recruited but not required for nonverbal event semantics","volume":"2","author":"Ivanova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Language"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib522","article-title":"The effect of task on brain activity during sentence processing","author":"Ivanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"12th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Neurobiology of Language (SNL20)"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib102","volume-title":"Semantic structures","author":"Jackendoff","year":"1990"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1021933015362","article-title":"Integration of syntactic and semantic information in predictive processing: Cross-linguistic evidence from German and English","volume":"32","author":"Kamide","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11163","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005062107","article-title":"Functional specificity in the human brain: A window into the functional architecture of the mind","volume":"107","author":"Kanwisher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib105","first-page":"173","article-title":"Lexical functional grammar: A formal system for grammatical representation","volume-title":"The mental representation of grammatical relations","author":"Kaplan","year":"1982"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.05.05.539646","article-title":"Lexical semantic content, not syntactic structure, is the main contributor to ANN-brain similarity of fMRI responses in the language network","author":"Kauf","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.3.223","article-title":"The neural bases of sentence comprehension: A fMRI examination of syntactic and lexical processing","volume":"11","author":"Keller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.1.12","volume":"41","author":"Keller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-013-9191-4","article-title":"Prolegomena to a neurocomputational architecture for human grammatical encoding and decoding","volume":"12","author":"Kempen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.3.627","article-title":"Wuggy: A multilingual pseudoword generator","volume":"42","author":"Keuleers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.05.017","article-title":"Broca's area and the hierarchical organization of human behavior","volume":"50","author":"Koechlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2303","article-title":"Circular analysis in systems neuroscience: The dangers of double dipping","volume":"12","author":"Kriegeskorte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib113","first-page":"112","article-title":"The problem of serial order in behaviour","author":"Lashley","year":"1951","journal-title":"Cerebral Mechanisms in Behaviour"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3684-10.2011","article-title":"Topographic mapping of a hierarchy of temporal receptive windows using a narrated story","volume":"31","author":"Lerner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.05.006","article-title":"Expectation-based syntactic comprehension","volume":"106","author":"Levy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_25","article-title":"An activation-based model of sentence processing as skilled memory retrieval","volume":"29","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/9.4.402","article-title":"Effects of contextual cues on inferring and remembering meanings of new words","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"1988","journal-title":"Applied Linguistics"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01645-3","article-title":"Probabilistic atlas for the language network based on precision fMRI data from &gt;800 individuals","volume":"9","author":"Lipkin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Data"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177794","article-title":"Using stochastic language models (SLM) to map lexical, syntactic, and phonological information processing in the brain","volume":"12","author":"Lopopolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00029","article-title":"Distinguishing syntactic operations in the brain: Dependency and phrase-structure parsing","volume":"2","author":"Lopopolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Language"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295x.101.4.676","article-title":"The lexical nature of syntactic ambiguity resolution","volume":"101","author":"MacDonald","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.05.073","article-title":"Reliable individual-level neural markers of high-level language processing: A necessary precursor for relating neural variability to behavioral and genetic variability","volume":"139","author":"Mahowald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X14545513","article-title":"Facts are more important than novelty: Replication in the education sciences","volume":"43","author":"Makel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educational Researcher"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01114-5","article-title":"An investigation across 45 languages and 12 language families reveals a universal language network","volume":"25","author":"Malik-Moraleda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bhae049","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae049","article-title":"Functional characterization of the language network of polyglots and hyperpolyglots with precision fMRI","volume":"34","author":"Malik-Moraleda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib126","volume-title":"Foundations of statistical natural language processing","author":"Manning","year":"1999"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib127","first-page":"313","article-title":"Building a large annotated corpus of English: The Penn Treebank","volume":"19","author":"Marcus","year":"1993","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00069","article-title":"A weak shadow of early life language processing persists in the right hemisphere of the mature brain","volume":"3","author":"Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Language"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24403","article-title":"The temporal dynamics of structure and content in sentence comprehension: Evidence from fMRI-constrained MEG","volume":"40","author":"Matchin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.12.010","article-title":"The role of the IFG and pSTS in syntactic prediction: Evidence from a parametric study of hierarchical structure in fMRI","volume":"88","author":"Matchin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz180","article-title":"The cortical organization of syntax","volume":"30","author":"Matchin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1993.5.4.467","article-title":"The cortical representation of speech","volume":"5","author":"Mazoyer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2212.00596","article-title":"Language models and brain alignment: Beyond word-level semantics and prediction","author":"Merlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"ArXiv Preprint"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1301.3781","volume":"abs\/1301.3","author":"Mikolov","year":"2013","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00005","article-title":"Composition is the core driver of the language-selective network","volume":"1","author":"Mollica","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Language"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-2567.1970.tb00434.x","article-title":"Universal grammar","volume":"36","author":"Montague","year":"1970","journal-title":"Theoria"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612437427","article-title":"Thought beyond language: Neural dissociation of algebra and natural language","volume":"23","author":"Monti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3669","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1701590114","article-title":"Neurophysiological dynamics of phrase-structure building during sentence processing","volume":"114","author":"Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib139","first-page":"2125","article-title":"Accurate unbounded dependency recovery using generalized categorial grammars","volume-title":"Proceedings of COLING 2012","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56441\/hilbertpress.2207.6598","volume-title":"Handbook of functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging methods in CONN","author":"Nieto-Castanon","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.065","article-title":"Subject-specific functional localizers increase sensitivity and functional resolution of multi-subject analyses","volume":"63","author":"Nieto-Casta\u00f1\u00f3n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2886","article-title":"Erroneous analyses of interactions in neuroscience: A problem of significance","volume":"14","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib143","volume-title":"Universal dependencies v1: A multilingual treebank collection","author":"Nivre","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3758\/cabn.5.3.263","article-title":"Cognitive control and parsing: Reexamining the role of Broca's area in sentence comprehension","volume":"5","author":"Novick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.cmcl-1.28","article-title":"Contributions of propositional content and syntactic category information in sentence processing","volume-title":"Proceedings of the workshop on cognitive modeling and computational linguistics","author":"Oh","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aac4716","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4716","article-title":"Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science","volume":"349","author":"Open Science Collaboration","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4021","article-title":"The cortical analysis of speech-specific temporal structure revealed by responses to sound quilts","volume":"18","author":"Overath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018711108","article-title":"Cortical representation of the constituent structure of sentences","volume":"108","author":"Pallier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612465253","article-title":"Editors' introduction to the special section on replicability in psychological science: A crisis of confidence?","volume":"7","author":"Pashler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1082","article-title":"Language, music, syntax and the brain","volume":"6","author":"Patel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.11.012","article-title":"A role for left inferior frontal and posterior superior temporal cortex in extracting a syntactic tree from a sentence","volume":"75","author":"Pattamadilok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00619.2018","article-title":"Functionally distinct language and theory of mind networks are synchronized at rest and during language comprehension","volume":"121","author":"Paunov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fnevo.2012.00012","article-title":"Birds, primates, and spoken language origins: Behavioral phenotypes and neurobiological substrates","volume":"4","author":"Petkov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsu070","article-title":"Damage to the default mode network disrupts autobiographical memory retrieval","volume":"10","author":"Philippi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib156","volume-title":"Head-driven phrase structure grammar","author":"Pollard","year":"1994"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3446-14.2015","article-title":"Converging evidence for the neuroanatomic basis of combinatorial semantics in the angular gyrus","volume":"35","author":"Price","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3120-15.2016","article-title":"Causal evidence for a mechanism of semantic integration in the angular gyrus as revealed by high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"36","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012369374-7\/50015-8","article-title":"The syntax-semantics interface: On-line composition of sentence meaning","volume-title":"Handbook of psycholinguistics","author":"Pylkk\u00e4nen","year":"2006"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.676","article-title":"A default mode of brain function","volume":"98","author":"Raichle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12511","article-title":"Left-corner parsing with distributed associative memory produces surprisal and locality effects","volume":"42 Suppl 4","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib162","first-page":"9843","article-title":"Can fMRI reveal the representation of syntactic structure in the brain?","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"Reddy","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bhae077","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae077","article-title":"High-level language brain regions are sensitive to sub-lexical regularities","volume":"34","author":"Regev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522216","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.12.30.522216","article-title":"Neural populations in the language network differ in the size of their temporal receptive windows","author":"Regev","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi009","article-title":"The neural mechanisms of speech comprehension: fMRI studies of semantic ambiguity","volume":"15","author":"Rodd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.035","article-title":"The functional organisation of the fronto-temporal language system: Evidence from syntactic and semantic ambiguity","volume":"48","author":"Rodd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2014.11.012","article-title":"Localising semantic and syntactic processing in spoken and written language comprehension: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis","volume":"141","author":"Rodd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn126","article-title":"Selective attention to semantic and syntactic features modulates sentence processing networks in anterior temporal cortex","volume":"19","author":"Rogalsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.12.062","article-title":"Divide and conquer: A defense of functional localizers","volume":"30","author":"Saxe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/S14-1018","article-title":"Cognitive compositional semantics using continuation dependencies","volume-title":"Proceedings of the third joint conference on lexical and computational semantics (*SEM 2014)","author":"Schuler","year":"2014"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2016.1201466","article-title":"A new fun and robust version of an fMRI localizer for the frontotemporal language system","volume":"8","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858412440596","article-title":"The angular gyrus: Multiple functions and multiple subdivisions","volume":"19","author":"Seghier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7412","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1894-21.2022","article-title":"Robust effects of working memory demand during naturalistic language comprehension in language-selective cortex","volume":"42","author":"Shain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107307","article-title":"fMRI reveals language-specific predictive coding during naturalistic sentence comprehension","volume":"138","author":"Shain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6299","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac505","article-title":"No evidence of theory of mind reasoning in the human language network","volume":"33","author":"Shain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib176","first-page":"49","article-title":"Memory access during incremental sentence processing causes reading time latency","volume-title":"Proceedings of the workshop on Computational Linguistics for Linguistic Complexity (CL4LC)","author":"Shain","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01554","article-title":"Individual-subject functional localization increases univariate activation but not multivariate pattern discriminability in the \u201cmultiple-demand\u201d frontoparietal network","volume":"32","author":"Shashidhara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691613514755","article-title":"The value of direct replication","volume":"9","author":"Simons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv042","article-title":"Brain functional and structural predictors of language performance","volume":"26","author":"Skeide","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107323667.006","article-title":"The NOLB model: A model of the natural organization of language and the brain","volume-title":"Cognitive neuroscience of natural language use","author":"Skipper","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2013.02.013","article-title":"The effect of word predictability on reading time is logarithmic","volume":"128","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511752902.003","article-title":"The modularity of thought and the epidemiology of representations","volume-title":"Mapping the mind: Domain specificity in cognition and culture","author":"Sperber","year":"1994"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6591.001.0001","volume-title":"The syntactic process","author":"Steedman","year":"2001"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr205","article-title":"Is the link between anatomical structure and function equally strong at all cognitive levels of processing?","volume":"22","author":"Tahmasebi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01304-9","article-title":"Semantic reconstruction of continuous language from non-invasive brain recordings","volume":"26","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22231","article-title":"Defining language networks from resting-state fMRI for surgical planning\u2014A feasibility study","volume":"35","author":"Tie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01783-7","article-title":"Driving and suppressing the human language network using large language models","volume":"8","author":"Tuckute","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Human Behavior"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12034","article-title":"A model of language processing as hierarchic sequential prediction","volume":"5","author":"van Schijndel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Topics in Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/N15-1183","article-title":"Hierarchic syntax improves reading time prediction","volume-title":"Proceedings of NAACL-HLT 2015","author":"van Schijndel","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290260045800","article-title":"The response of left temporal cortex to sentences","volume":"14","author":"Vandenberghe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21219","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903403116","article-title":"Gradients of structure-function tethering across neocortex","volume":"116","author":"V\u00e1zquez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00048.2006","article-title":"Coherent spontaneous activity identifies a hippocampal-parietal memory network","volume":"96","author":"Vincent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.06.035","article-title":"Representation of numerical and sequential patterns in macaque and human brains","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv075","article-title":"Prediction during natural language comprehension","volume":"26","author":"Willems","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00550","article-title":"What role does the anterior temporal lobe play in sentence-level processing? Neural correlates of syntactic processing in semantic variant primary progressive aphasia","volume":"26","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac129","article-title":"Recovery from aphasia in the first year after stroke","volume":"146","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1162\/089892904322984535","article-title":"Grammaticality judgment in aphasia: Deficits are not specific to syntactic structures, aphasic syndromes, or lesion sites","volume":"16","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617693393","article-title":"Choosing prediction over explanation in psychology: Lessons from machine learning","volume":"12","author":"Yarkoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01818","article-title":"Merge in the human brain: A sub-region based functional investigation in the left pars opercularis","volume":"6","author":"Zaccarella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2024061416410502400_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.06.011","article-title":"Reviewing the functional basis of the syntactic merge mechanism for language: A coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Zaccarella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/36\/7\/1427\/2384158\/jocn_a_02164.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/36\/7\/1427\/2384158\/jocn_a_02164.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T16:42:07Z","timestamp":1718383327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/36\/7\/1427\/120796\/Distributed-Sensitivity-to-Syntax-and-Semantics"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":202,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_02164","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}