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Each model contained five volumes of interest in the left hemisphere (angular gyrus [AG], inferior frontal gyrus [IFG], middle frontal gyrus [MFG], superior frontal gyrus [SFG], and supramarginal gyrus [SMG]), with the IFG as the driven input area. Results showed the superiority of a model in which both the MFG and the AG connected with the IFG, supporting the orthography autonomy hypothesis. Word frequency modulated the AG \u2192 SFG connection (information flow from the orthographic lexicon to the orthographic buffer), and syllable frequency affected the IFG \u2192 MFG connection (information transmission from the semantic system to the phonological lexicon). This study thus provides new insights into the connectivity architecture of neural substrates involved in writing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T14:05:26Z","timestamp":1714658726000},"page":"1937-1962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Direct Retrieval of Orthographic Representations in Chinese Handwritten Production: Evidence from a Dynamic Causal Modeling Study"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Jieying","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Qingfang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024080913444875300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024515","article-title":"Phonological effects in handwriting production: Evidence from the implicit priming paradigm","volume":"37","author":"Afonso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2024080913444875300_bib2","first-page":"180","article-title":"Slips of the mind and slips of the pen","volume-title":"Language and cognitive styles: Patterns of neurolinguistic and psycholinguistic development","author":"Aitchison","year":"1982"},{"key":"2024080913444875300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/01690960143000236","article-title":"Frequency effects in noun phrase production: Implications for models of lexical access","volume":"17","author":"Alario","year":"2002","journal-title":"Language and Cognitive Processes"},{"key":"2024080913444875300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195559","article-title":"Predictors of picture naming speed","volume":"36","author":"Alario","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers"},{"key":"2024080913444875300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(02)00556-4","article-title":"The role of phonological and orthographic information in lexical selection","volume":"84","author":"Alario","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2024080913444875300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1981.0148","article-title":"Components of the mental lexicon","volume":"295","author":"Allport","year":"1981","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2024080913444875300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193109","article-title":"The locus of the frequency effect in picture naming: When recognizing is not enough","volume":"14","author":"Almeida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2024080913444875300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.07.023","article-title":"Dissociable controlled retrieval and generalized selection mechanisms in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"47","author":"Badre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024080913444875300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00963","article-title":"When does word frequency influence written production?","volume":"4","author":"Baus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2024080913444875300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/104.1.21","article-title":"Lexical or orthographic agraphia","volume":"104","author":"Beauvois","year":"1981","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024080913444875300_bib11","first-page":"101","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis and treatment of spelling disorders","volume-title":"Handbook on adult language disorders: Integrating cognitive neuropsychology, neurolgy, and rehabilitation","author":"Beeson","year":"2002"},{"key":"2024080913444875300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030344000067","article-title":"The neural substrates of writing: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"17","author":"Beeson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2024080913444875300_bib13","volume-title":"Modern Chinese frequency dictionary","author":"Beijing Language Institute. 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