{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T01:53:27Z","timestamp":1776045207469,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"9","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute of Health \/ National Institute of Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG038465-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG038465-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Some theories of aging have linked age-related cognitive decline to a reduction in distinctiveness of neural processing. Observed age-related correlation increases among disparate cognitive tasks have supported the dedifferentiation hypothesis. We previously showed cross-sectional evidence for age-related correlation decreases instead, supporting an alternative disintegration hypothesis. In the current study, we extended our previous research to a longitudinal sample. We tested 135 participants (20\u201380 years) at two time points\u2014baseline and 5-year follow-up\u2014on a battery of 12 in-scanner tests, each tapping one of four reference abilities. We performed between-tasks correlations within domain (convergent) and between domain (discriminant) at both the behavioral and neural level, calculating a single measure of construct validity (convergent \u2212 discriminant). Cross-sectionally, behavioral construct validity was significantly different from chance at each time point, but longitudinal change was not significant. Analysis by median age split revealed that older adults showed higher behavioral validity, driven by higher discriminant validity (lower between-tasks correlations). Participant-level neural validity decreased over time, with convergent validity consistently greater than discriminant validity; this finding was also observed at the cross-sectional level. In addition, a disproportionate decrease in neural validity with age remained significant after controlling for demographic factors. Factors predicting longitudinal changes in global cognition (mean performance across all 12 tasks) included age, change in neural validity, education, and National Adult Reading Test (premorbid intelligence). Change in neural validity partially mediated the effect of age on change in global cognition. Our findings support the theory of age-related disintegration, linking cognitive decline to changes in neural representations over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T17:19:50Z","timestamp":1715620790000},"page":"2045-2066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Age-related Disintegration in Functional Connectivity: Reference Ability Neural Network Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Georgette","family":"Argiris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"}]},{"given":"Yaakov","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Habeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.132.3.470","article-title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal patterns of dedifferentiation in late-life cognitive and sensory function: The effects of age, ability, attrition, and occasion of measurement","volume":"132","author":"Anstey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1159\/000354376","article-title":"Healthy aging by staying selectively connected: A mini-review","volume":"60","author":"Antonenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107856","article-title":"Age-related disintegration in functional connectivity: Evidence from Reference Ability Neural Network (RANN) Cohort","volume":"156","author":"Argiris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.12.1.12","article-title":"Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult life span: A new window to the study of cognitive aging?","volume":"12","author":"Baltes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-013-0512-z","article-title":"Architecture of fluid intelligence and working memory revealed by lesion mapping","volume":"219","author":"Barbey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Structure & Function"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"5","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023300","article-title":"Comparison of age and time-to-death in the dedifferentiation of late-life cognitive abilities","volume":"26","author":"Batterham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2896(95)90013-6","article-title":"The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities: Test of the structure of intelligence across the life span","volume":"20","author":"Bickley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.048","article-title":"Separating respiratory-variation-related fluctuations from neuronal-activity-related fluctuations in fMRI","volume":"31","author":"Birn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2017.07.004","article-title":"Spearman's law of diminishing returns. A meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Blum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.061","article-title":"Optimizing the order of operations for movement scrubbing: Comment on Power et al","volume":"76","author":"Carp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29411","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029411","article-title":"Age-related neural dedifferentiation in the motor system","volume":"6","author":"Carp","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.267","article-title":"Age differences in neural distinctiveness revealed by multi-voxel pattern analysis","volume":"56","author":"Carp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4997","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415122111","article-title":"Decreased segregation of brain systems across the healthy adult lifespan","volume":"111","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.4.495","article-title":"Age-related changes in object processing and contextual binding revealed using fMR adaptation","volume":"18","author":"Chee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5534","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1451-18.2019","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in the cerebral cortex functional organization of healthy elderly","volume":"39","author":"Chong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2010.12.4\/rcolom","article-title":"Human intelligence and brain networks","volume":"12","author":"Colom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.01.077","article-title":"Effects of aging on functional and structural brain connectivity","volume":"160","author":"Damoiseaux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","article-title":"Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"Dale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2006.07.011","article-title":"Revisiting the dedifferentiation hypothesis with longitudinal multi-cohort data","volume":"35","author":"de Frias","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2896(91)90033-A","article-title":"The strength of g at different levels of ability: Have Detterman and Daniel rediscovered Spearman's \u201claw of diminishing returns\u201d?","volume":"15","author":"Deary","year":"1991","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/03610730701319087","article-title":"Cognitive performance and age: Norms from the Maine-Syracuse Study","volume":"33","author":"Dore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Experimental Aging Research"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00062","article-title":"Cognitive processing speed across the lifespan: Beyond the influence of motor speed","volume":"9","author":"Ebaid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib282","volume":"Vol. 102","author":"Ekstrom","year":"1976","journal-title":"Manual for kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","article-title":"Whole brain segmentation: Automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain","volume":"33","author":"Fischl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg087","article-title":"Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex","volume":"14","author":"Fischl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.18.4.696","article-title":"Age-based structural dynamics between perceptual speed and knowledge in the Berlin Aging Study: Direct evidence for ability dedifferentiation in old age","volume":"18","author":"Ghisletta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2020.12.013","article-title":"Precision functional mapping of human memory systems","volume":"40","author":"Gilmore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.01.107","article-title":"Reduced neural selectivity increases fMRI adaptation with age during face discrimination","volume":"51","author":"Goh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00778","article-title":"Making cognitive latent variables manifest: Distinct neural networks for fluid reasoning and processing speed","volume":"27","author":"Habeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614567339","article-title":"When does cognitive functioning peak? The asynchronous rise and fall of different cognitive abilities across the life span","volume":"26","author":"Hartshorne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2018.04.003","article-title":"Dedifferentiation and differentiation of intelligence in adults across age and years of education","volume":"69","author":"Hartung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbq017","article-title":"Toward an integrative science of life-span development and aging","volume":"65B","author":"Hofer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617718000887","article-title":"Change in cognitive performance from midlife into old age: Findings from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study\u2014Erratum","volume":"24","author":"Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039260","article-title":"Cognitive dedifferentiation with increasing age and proximity of death: Within-person evidence from the Seattle Longitudinal Study","volume":"30","author":"H\u00fcl\u00fcr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1132","article-title":"Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images","volume":"17","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)00036-6","article-title":"A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images","volume":"5","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medical Image Analysis"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282915619091","article-title":"Age differences and educational attainment across the life span on three generations of Wechsler Adult Scales","volume":"34","author":"Kaufman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1498-18.2018","article-title":"The relationship between age, neural differentiation, and memory performance","volume":"39","author":"Koen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.01503003.x","article-title":"Transformations in the couplings among intellectual abilities and constituent cognitive processes across the life span","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014986","article-title":"Cognitive and sensory declines in old age: Gauging the evidence for a common cause","volume":"24","author":"Lindenberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116680","article-title":"Functional dedifferentiation of associative resting state networks in older adults\u2014A longitudinal study","volume":"214","author":"Malagurski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib44","volume-title":"Dementia Rating Scale: DRS: Professional manual","author":"Mattis","year":"1988"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.12.1.23","article-title":"Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation","volume":"12","author":"Maxwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2017.10.004","article-title":"Differentiation of cognitive abilities in the WAIS-IV at the item level","volume":"65","author":"Molenaar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.4.632","article-title":"Evidence for cortical \u201cdisconnection\u201d as a mechanism of age-related cognitive decline","volume":"57","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13091","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405148101","article-title":"Aging reduces neural specialization in ventral visual cortex","volume":"101","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118449","article-title":"When functional blurring becomes deleterious: Reduced system segregation is associated with less white matter integrity and cognitive decline in aging","volume":"242","author":"Pedersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.018","article-title":"Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion","volume":"59","author":"Power","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.006","article-title":"Functional network organization of the human brain","volume":"72","author":"Power","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022658","article-title":"Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects","volume":"16","author":"Preacher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00039.2020","article-title":"Functional dedifferentiation of the brain during healthy aging","volume":"123","author":"Rakesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib281","volume-title":"Advanced progressive matrices","author":"Raven","year":"1962"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.202","article-title":"Unilateral disruptions in the default network with aging in native space","volume":"4","author":"Razlighi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.20.1.3","article-title":"Stability, growth, and decline in adult life span development of declarative memory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a population-based study","volume":"20","author":"R\u00f6nnlund","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.34.5.851","article-title":"Independence of age-related influences on cognitive abilities across the life span","volume":"34","author":"Salthouse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023","article-title":"When does age-related cognitive decline begin?","volume":"30","author":"Salthouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710000706","article-title":"Selective review of cognitive aging","volume":"16","author":"Salthouse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611421615","article-title":"Does the level at which cognitive change occurs change with age?","volume":"23","author":"Salthouse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0910-8","article-title":"Continuity of cognitive change across adulthood","volume":"23","author":"Salthouse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.27.5.763","article-title":"Decomposing adult age differences in working memory","volume":"27","author":"Salthouse","year":"1991","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.18.1.91","article-title":"What needs to be explained to account for age-related effects on multiple cognitive variables?","volume":"18","author":"Salthouse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197200","article-title":"Decomposing adult age differences in symbol arithmetic","volume":"21","author":"Salthouse","year":"1993","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08254.x","article-title":"Normal aging modulates prefrontoparietal networks underlying multiple memory processes","volume":"36","author":"Sambataro","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.12.012","article-title":"\u201cWhen does age-related cognitive decline begin?\u201d Salthouse again reifies the \u201ccross-sectional fallacy\u201d","volume":"30","author":"Schaie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651284","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.651284","article-title":"Dedifferentiation of functional brain activation associated with greater visual discrimination accuracy in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"13","author":"Seider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2021.1999383","article-title":"Age-related declines in neural distinctiveness correlate across brain areas and result from both decreased reliability and increased confusability","volume":"29","author":"Simmonite","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02258.x","article-title":"Effects of aging on functional connectivity of the amygdala for subsequent memory of negative pictures: A network analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data","volume":"20","author":"St. Jacques","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3067-17.2018","article-title":"The longitudinal trajectory of default mode network connectivity in healthy older adults varies as a function of age and is associated with changes in episodic memory and processing speed","volume":"38","author":"Staffaroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.09.029","article-title":"The Reference Ability Neural Network Study: Motivation, design, and initial feasibility analyses","volume":"103","author":"Stern","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3054-13.2014","article-title":"Memory reactivation in healthy aging: Evidence of stimulus-specific dedifferentiation","volume":"34","author":"St-Laurent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000179","article-title":"Coupled cognitive changes in adulthood: A meta-analysis","volume":"145","author":"Tucker-Drob","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.23.2.453","article-title":"Adult age trends in the relations among cognitive abilities","volume":"23","author":"Tucker-Drob","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.09.051","article-title":"Dedifferentiation in the visual cortex: An fMRI investigation of individual differences in older adults","volume":"1244","author":"Voss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.03.006","article-title":"Disintegrating brain networks: From syndromes to molecular nexopathies","volume":"73","author":"Warren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2016.07.001","article-title":"Variations in cognitive abilities across the life course: Cross-sectional evidence from Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study","volume":"59","author":"Whitley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.09.006","article-title":"Segregated systems of human brain networks","volume":"21","author":"Wig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib288","author":"Woodcock","year":"1989","journal-title":"Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery\u2013Revised"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-210116","article-title":"Cognitive function trajectories and their determinants in older people: 8 years of follow-up in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing","volume":"72","author":"Zaninotto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.18.4.727","article-title":"Adult age differences in multiple cognitive functions: Differentiation, dedifferentiation, or process-specific change?","volume":"18","author":"Zelinski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.10.025","article-title":"Age-related differences in resting-state and task-based network characteristics and cognition: A lifespan sample","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx130","article-title":"Reduced fidelity of neural representation underlies episodic memory decline in normal aging","volume":"28","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024080913453320000_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq075","article-title":"Divergent network connectivity changes in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"133","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/36\/9\/2045\/2464967\/jocn_a_02188.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/36\/9\/2045\/2464967\/jocn_a_02188.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T13:47:06Z","timestamp":1723211226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/36\/9\/2045\/121054\/Cross-sectional-and-Longitudinal-Age-related"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_02188","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}