{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:41:11Z","timestamp":1773798071549,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"11","funder":[{"name":"NRSA F32 fellowship","award":["MH130086-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH130086-02"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["2122550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2122550"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Prediction errors drive reinforcement learning and organize episodic memory into distinct contexts, but do these effects interact? Here, we review the roles of midbrain dopamine, the locus coeruleus, and the hippocampus in event cognition to propose and simulate the theoretical influence of two prediction error signals in integrating versus segmenting events in memory. We suggest that signed reward prediction errors can build mental models of reward environments, increasing the contextual similarity (integration) of experiences with stronger, more stable reward expectations. On the other hand, unsigned reward prediction errors can signal a new model of the environment, generating a contextual shift (segmentation) between experiences that crossed them. We moreover predicted that these differences in contextual similarity give rise to distinct patterns of temporal-order memory. We combined these ideas in a computational model to account for a seemingly paradoxical pattern of temporal-order memory where greater representational distance helps order memory within context but impairs it across contexts. We found that simulating signed reward prediction error integration and unsigned reward prediction error segmentation differentially enabled the model to perform associative chaining, which involved reactivating items between two tested probes to assist with sequential retrieval. In summary, our simulations provide a unifying explanation for the varied ways that neuromodulatory systems may alter event cognition and memory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T19:04:25Z","timestamp":1720724665000},"page":"2401-2414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Building and Breaking the Chain: A Model of Reward Prediction Error Integration and Segmentation of Memory"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2814-0462","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nina","family":"Rouhani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Clewett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Los Angeles"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0656-2170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James W.","family":"Antony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Polytechnic State University"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.10.029","article-title":"Behavioral, physiological, and neural signatures of surprise during naturalistic sports viewing","volume":"109","author":"Antony","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.12.01.518703","article-title":"Memory out of context: Spacing effects and decontextualization in a computational model of the medial temporal lobe","author":"Antony","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01631-8","article-title":"Long-term, multi-event surprise correlates with enhanced autobiographical memory","volume":"7","author":"Antony","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152882","article-title":"Pattern separation in the human hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus","volume":"319","author":"Bakker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.041","article-title":"Discovering event structure in continuous narrative perception and memory","volume":"95","author":"Baldassano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4708.003.0018","article-title":"Adaptive critics and the basal ganglia","volume-title":"Models of information processing in the basal ganglia","author":"Barto","year":"1995"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17287-1","article-title":"Mnemonic prediction errors bias hippocampal states","volume":"11","author":"Bein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105368","article-title":"Predictions transform memories: How expected versus unexpected events are integrated or separated in memory","volume":"153","author":"Bein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9032","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0702-11.2011","article-title":"Constructing realistic engrams: Poststimulus activity of hippocampus and dorsal striatum predicts subsequent episodic memory","volume":"31","author":"Ben-Yakov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033558","article-title":"Hippocampal immediate poststimulus activity in the encoding of consecutive naturalistic episodes","volume":"142","author":"Ben-Yakov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10057","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0524-18.2018","article-title":"The hippocampal film editor: Sensitivity and specificity to event boundaries in continuous experience","volume":"38","author":"Ben-Yakov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6936","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1420-18.2019","article-title":"In a temporally segmented experience hippocampal neurons represent temporally drifting context but not discrete segments","volume":"39","author":"Bladon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4573","article-title":"Reinstated episodic context guides sampling-based decisions for reward","volume":"20","author":"Bornstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.09.002","article-title":"Network reset: A simplified overarching theory of locus coeruleus noradrenaline function","volume":"28","author":"Bouret","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2022.102677","article-title":"Chaining models of serial recall can produce positional errors","volume":"109","author":"Caplan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.12.002","article-title":"Latent-state and model-based learning in PTSD","volume":"47","author":"Cisler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23074","article-title":"Transcending time in the brain: How event memories are constructed from experience","volume":"29","author":"Clewett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17851-9","article-title":"Pupil-linked arousal signals track the temporal organization of events in memory","volume":"11","author":"Clewett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2023.2295853","article-title":"Emotional arousal lingers in time to bind discrete episodes in memory","author":"Clewett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cognition & Emotion"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ENEURO.0108-18.2019","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0108-18.2019","article-title":"Echoes of emotions past: How neuromodulators determine what we recollect","volume":"6","author":"Clewett","year":"2019","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2014.03.006","article-title":"Locus coeruleus neuromodulation of memories encoded during negative or unexpected action outcomes","volume":"111","author":"Clewett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105358","article-title":"Declining locus coeruleus-dopaminergic and noradrenergic modulation of long-term memory in aging and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"153","author":"Dahl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.12.004","article-title":"How the hippocampus preserves order: The role of prediction and context","volume":"19","author":"Davachi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01919","article-title":"Representations of complex contexts: A role for hippocampus","volume":"35","author":"Dimsdale-Zucker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034024","article-title":"The influence of context boundaries on memory for the sequential order of events","volume":"142","author":"DuBrow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13998","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2535-14.2014","article-title":"Temporal memory is shaped by encoding stability and intervening item reactivation","volume":"34","author":"DuBrow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.07.011","article-title":"Temporal binding within and across events","volume":"134","author":"DuBrow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.08.003","article-title":"Does mental context drift or shift?","volume":"17","author":"DuBrow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20933","article-title":"Evidence for area CA1 as a match\/mismatch detector: A high-resolution fMRI study of the human hippocampus","volume":"22","author":"Duncan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.10.002","article-title":"Novelty and dopaminergic modulation of memory persistence: A tale of two systems","volume":"42","author":"Duszkiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195178043.001.0001","volume-title":"From conditioning to conscious recollection: Memory systems of the brain","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2004"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000177","article-title":"Structured event memory: A neuro-symbolic model of event cognition","volume":"127","author":"Franklin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.113.1.44","article-title":"Memory for the time of past events","volume":"113","author":"Friedman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.22.5.591.50766","article-title":"Time in autobiographical memory","volume":"22","author":"Friedman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Social Cognition"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.05.005","article-title":"Time and experience differentially affect distinct aspects of hippocampal representational drift","volume":"111","author":"Geva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000648","article-title":"Norepinephrine as a spatial memory reset signal","volume":"32","author":"Grella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behavioural Pharmacology"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000503","article-title":"Perceptual boundaries cause mnemonic trade-offs between local boundary processing and across-trial associative binding","volume":"44","author":"Heusser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196295","article-title":"Context matching and judgments of recency","volume":"9","author":"Hintzman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2016.05.013","article-title":"The role of spatial boundaries in shaping long-term event representations","volume":"154","author":"Horner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2022.105315","article-title":"Value restructures the organization of free recall","volume":"231","author":"Horwath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-54896-3_1","article-title":"The locus coeruleus: Where cognitive and emotional processing meet the eye","volume-title":"Modern pupillometry: Cognition, neuroscience, and practical applications","author":"Huang","year":"2024"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0597-3","article-title":"Positive reward prediction errors during decision-making strengthen memory encoding","volume":"3","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22571","article-title":"Distinct neural mechanisms for remembering when an event occurred","volume":"26","author":"Jenkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabq6740","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq6740","article-title":"Mesolimbic dopamine release conveys causal associations","volume":"378","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.11.006","article-title":"The locus coeruleus as a global model failure system","volume":"47","author":"Jordan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.028","article-title":"Relationships between pupil diameter and neuronal activity in the locus coeruleus, colliculi, and cingulate cortex","volume":"89","author":"Joshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2021.107412","article-title":"Encoding-linked pupil response is modulated by expected and unexpected novelty: Implications for memory formation and neurotransmission","volume":"180","author":"Kafkas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14835","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616515114","article-title":"Dopamine release from the locus coeruleus to the dorsal hippocampus promotes spatial learning and memory","volume":"113","author":"Kempadoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.05.014","article-title":"Active experience, not time, determines within-day representational drift in dorsal CA1","volume":"111","author":"Khatib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.013","article-title":"A unified framework for dopamine signals across timescales","volume":"183","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.10.006","article-title":"Model-based predictions for dopamine","volume":"49","author":"Langdon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31965-2","article-title":"Predicting memory from the network structure of naturalistic events","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.05.002","article-title":"The hippocampal-VTA loop: Controlling the entry of information into long-term memory","volume":"46","author":"Lisman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab304","article-title":"Hippocampal representations of event structure and temporal context during episodic temporal order memory","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.03.051","article-title":"The same hippocampal CA1 population simultaneously codes temporal information over multiple timescales","volume":"28","author":"Mau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42241-2","article-title":"Dynamic emotional states shape the episodic structure of memory","volume":"14","author":"McClay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-05-01936.1996","article-title":"A framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictive Hebbian learning","volume":"16","author":"Montague","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50406-3_15","article-title":"Distinct medial temporal lobe network states as neural contexts for motivated memory formation","volume-title":"The hippocampus from cells to systems: Structure, connectivity, and functional contributions to memory and flexible cognition","author":"Murty","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1713-18.2018","article-title":"Dissociable forms of uncertainty-driven representational change across the human brain","volume":"39","author":"Nassar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3130","article-title":"Rational regulation of learning dynamics by pupil-linked arousal systems","volume":"15","author":"Nassar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.134.3.291","article-title":"The role of the locus coeruleus in mediating the attentional blink: A neurocomputational theory","volume":"134","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3660","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305373110","article-title":"Dissociable effects of surprise and model update in parietal and anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"110","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.05.017","article-title":"Emotion in context: Remembering when","volume":"24","author":"Palombo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014420","article-title":"A context maintenance and retrieval model of organizational processes in free recall","volume":"116","author":"Polyn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28216-9","article-title":"Event boundaries shape temporal organization of memory by resetting temporal context","volume":"13","author":"Pu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17713-4","article-title":"Aging alters neural activity at event boundaries in the hippocampus and posterior medial network","volume":"11","author":"Reagh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib67","first-page":"64","article-title":"A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement","volume-title":"Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory","author":"Rescorla","year":"1972"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61077","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61077","article-title":"Signed and unsigned reward prediction errors dynamically enhance learning and memory","volume":"10","author":"Rouhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.06.006","article-title":"Multiple routes to enhanced memory for emotionally relevant events","volume":"27","author":"Rouhani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000518","article-title":"Dissociable effects of surprising rewards on learning and memory","volume":"44","author":"Rouhani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2020.104269","article-title":"Reward prediction errors create event boundaries in memory","volume":"203","author":"Rouhani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2221919120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2221919120","article-title":"Collective events and individual affect shape autobiographical memory","volume":"120","author":"Rouhani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12247","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.12247","article-title":"Hippocampal ensemble dynamics timestamp events in long-term memory","volume":"4","author":"Rubin","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006267","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006267","article-title":"Locus coeruleus tracking of prediction errors optimises cognitive flexibility: An active inference model","volume":"15","author":"Sales","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2573","article-title":"The locus coeruleus and noradrenergic modulation of cognition","volume":"10","author":"Sara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.09.011","article-title":"Orienting and reorienting: The locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal","volume":"76","author":"Sara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1593","article-title":"A neural substrate of prediction and reward","volume":"275","author":"Schultz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28362","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.28362","article-title":"Preconditioned cues have no value","volume":"6","author":"Sharpe","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4538","article-title":"Dopamine transients are sufficient and necessary for acquisition of model-based associations","volume":"20","author":"Sharpe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(90)90004-8","article-title":"Memory for the temporal order of events in patients with frontal lobe lesions and amnesic patients","volume":"28","author":"Shimamura","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12505","article-title":"Structuring memory through inference-based event segmentation","volume":"13","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Topics in Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8538","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0360-19.2019","article-title":"Rapid memory reactivation at movie event boundaries promotes episodic encoding","volume":"39","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.09.057","article-title":"Event boundaries trigger rapid memory reinstatement of the prior events to promote their representation in long-term memory","volume":"27","author":"Sols","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01411","article-title":"Expected reward value and reward uncertainty have temporally dissociable effects on memory formation","volume":"31","author":"Stanek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892416","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.892416","article-title":"Grounding the attentional boost effect in events and the efficient brain","volume":"13","author":"Swallow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2009.12.003","article-title":"The attentional boost effect: Transient increases in attention to one task enhance performance in a second task","volume":"115","author":"Swallow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19325","article-title":"Locus coeruleus and dopaminergic consolidation of everyday memory","volume":"537","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6593","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0911-21.2022","article-title":"Hippocampal threat reactivity interacts with physiological arousal to predict PTSD symptoms","volume":"42","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.12.020","article-title":"Consolidation promotes the emergence of representational overlap in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"105","author":"Tompary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0459-6","article-title":"Integrating time from experience in the lateral entorhinal cortex","volume":"561","author":"Tsao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq092","article-title":"Medial temporal lobe contributions to episodic sequence encoding","volume":"21","author":"Tubridy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.550","article-title":"The time course of perceptual choice: The leaky, competing accumulator model","volume":"108","author":"Usher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104992","article-title":"Switching task sets creates event boundaries in memory","volume":"221","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-023-02723-3","article-title":"Target detection does not influence temporal memory","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-022-01013-z","article-title":"The power of negative and positive episodic memories","volume":"22","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.04.026","article-title":"Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.2.273","article-title":"Event perception: A mind-brain perspective","volume":"133","author":"Zacks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4030","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12048-1","article-title":"Pupil-linked phasic arousal evoked by violation but not emergence of regularity within rapid sound sequences","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2024101620195575500_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01020-w","article-title":"Neurons detect cognitive boundaries to structure episodic memories in humans","volume":"25","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/36\/11\/2401\/2475647\/jocn_a_02215.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/36\/11\/2401\/2475647\/jocn_a_02215.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T20:20:15Z","timestamp":1729110015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/36\/11\/2401\/123578\/Building-and-Breaking-the-Chain-A-Model-of-Reward"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_02215","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}