{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T13:17:38Z","timestamp":1770729458315,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"11","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2122550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2122550"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH133732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH133732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030719","name":"National Institute of Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH133732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH133732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030719","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While recounting an experience, one can employ multiple strategies to transition from one part to the next. For instance, if the event was learned out of linear order, one can recall events according to the time they were learned (temporal), similar events (semantic), events occurring nearby in time (chronological), or events produced by the current event (causal). To disentangle the importance of these factors, we had participants watch the nonlinear narrative, Memento, under different task instructions and presentation orders. For each scene of the film, we also separately computed semantic and causal networks. We then contrasted the evidence for temporal, semantic, chronological, or causal strategies during recall. Critically, there was stronger evidence for the causal and chronological strategies than semantic or temporal strategies. Moreover, the causal and chronological strategies outperformed the temporal one even when we asked participants to recall the film in the presented order, underscoring the fundamental nature of causal structure in scaffolding understanding and organizing recall. Nevertheless, time still marginally predicted recall transitions, suggesting it operates as a weak signal in the presence of more salient forms of structure. In addition, semantic and causal network properties predicted scene memorability, including a stronger role for incoming causes to an event than its outgoing effects. In summary, these findings highlight the importance of accounting for complex, causal networks in knowledge building and memory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T15:04:28Z","timestamp":1720710268000},"page":"2368-2385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Causal and Chronological Relationships Predict Memory Organization for Nonlinear Narratives"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0656-2170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James","family":"Antony","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Polytechnic State University"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Polytechnic State University"}]},{"given":"Pahul","family":"Dhoat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Polytechnic State University"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Bennion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Polytechnic State University"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01308","article-title":"Learning naturalistic temporal structure in the posterior medial network","volume":"30","author":"Aly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.19.5.1178","article-title":"Investigating the structure of autobiographical memories","volume":"19","author":"Anderson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000488","article-title":"Memory out of context: Spacing effects and decontextualization in a computational model of the medial temporal lobe","author":"Antony","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.10.029","article-title":"Behavioral, physiological, and neural signatures of surprise during naturalistic sports viewing","volume":"109","author":"Antony","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23526","article-title":"Reap while you sleep: Consolidation of memories differs by how they were sown","volume":"33","author":"Antony","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.041","article-title":"Discovering event structure in continuous narrative perception and memory","volume":"95","author":"Baldassano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9689","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0251-18.2018","article-title":"Representation of real-world event schemas during narrative perception","volume":"38","author":"Baldassano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.10.002","article-title":"What is a cognitive map? Organizing knowledge for flexible behavior","volume":"100","author":"Behrens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(81)90417-5","article-title":"Causal coherence and memory for events in narratives","volume":"20","author":"Black","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(79)90118-X","article-title":"Point of view in narrative comprehension, memory, and production","volume":"18","author":"Black","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.1953.9710088","article-title":"The occurrence of clustering in the recall of randomly arranged associates","volume":"49","author":"Bousfield","year":"1953","journal-title":"Journal of General Psychology"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/0163853X.2011.607952","article-title":"Processing causality in narrative events: Temporal order matters","volume":"49","author":"Briner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Discourse Processes"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210701539596","article-title":"Situation models and memory: The effects of temporal and causal information on recall sequence","volume":"15","author":"Brownstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1327-21.2021","article-title":"Predictive representations in hippocampal and prefrontal hierarchies","volume":"42","author":"Brunec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.03.013","article-title":"Boundaries shape cognitive representations of spaces and events","volume":"22","author":"Brunec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib16","first-page":"11","article-title":"Life as narrative","volume":"54","author":"Bruner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Social Research"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17955","article-title":"A shared neural ensemble links distinct contextual memories encoded close in time","volume":"534","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1803.11175","article-title":"Universal sentence encoder","author":"Cer","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2024.04.003","article-title":"The causal structure and computational value of narratives","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4450","article-title":"Shared memories reveal shared structure in neural activity across individuals","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.32.5.1031","article-title":"Comprehending narratives containing flashbacks: Evidence for temporally organized representations","volume":"32","author":"Claus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23074","article-title":"Transcending time in the brain: How event memories are constructed from experience","volume":"29","author":"Clewett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1037\/h0023217","article-title":"Clustering in free recall as a function of certain methodological variations","volume":"71","author":"Cofer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-021-01178-x","article-title":"Narratives bridge the divide between distant events in episodic memory","volume":"50","author":"Cohn-Sheehy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.09.013","article-title":"The hippocampus constructs narrative memories across distant events","volume":"31","author":"Cohn-Sheehy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.24.1.202","article-title":"Mental organization of maps","volume":"24","author":"Curiel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.12.004","article-title":"How the hippocampus preserves order: The role of prediction and context","volume":"19","author":"Davachi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/dfxbg","article-title":"The ties that bind: Effects of narrative coherence on recall performance and organization","author":"Delarazan","year":"2024","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620958651","article-title":"Linking detail to temporal structure in naturalistic-event recall","volume":"31","author":"Diamond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01919","article-title":"Representations of complex contexts: A role for hippocampus","volume":"35","author":"Dimsdale-Zucker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.11.30.518606","article-title":"Neural correlates of memory in an immersive spatiotemporal context","author":"Dougherty","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034024","article-title":"The influence of context boundaries on memory for the sequential order of events","volume":"142","author":"DuBrow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13998","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2535-14.2014","article-title":"Temporal memory is shaped by encoding stability and intervening item reactivation","volume":"34","author":"DuBrow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.07.011","article-title":"Temporal binding within and across events","volume":"134","author":"DuBrow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.08.003","article-title":"Does mental context drift or shift?","volume":"17","author":"DuBrow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7109","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.13.7109","article-title":"The hippocampus and memory for orderly stimulus relations","volume":"94","author":"Dusek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094328","article-title":"The medial temporal lobe and recognition memory","volume":"30","author":"Eichenbaum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193211","article-title":"Accessing causal relations in semantic memory","volume":"33","author":"Fenker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4200","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2312-17.2018","article-title":"Human episodic memory retrieval is accompanied by a neural contiguity effect","volume":"38","author":"Folkerts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000177","article-title":"Structured event memory: A neuro-symbolic model of event cognition","volume":"127","author":"Franklin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17086","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.17086","article-title":"A map of abstract relational knowledge in the human hippocampal\u2013entorhinal cortex","volume":"6","author":"Garvert","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e77430","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.77430","article-title":"A partially nested cortical hierarchy of neural states underlies event segmentation in the human brain","volume":"11","author":"Geerligs","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.11.03.565484","article-title":"Using large language models to study human memory for meaningful narratives","author":"Georgiou","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.101.3.371","article-title":"Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension","volume":"101","author":"Graesser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7001","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad015","article-title":"Neural unscrambling of temporal information during a nonlinear narrative","volume":"33","author":"Grall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.25080\/TCWV9851","volume-title":"Exploring network structure, dynamics, and function using NetworkX","author":"Hagberg","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01331-6","article-title":"The human brain reactivates context-specific past information at event boundaries of naturalistic experiences","volume":"26","author":"Hahamy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2018.04.003","article-title":"Temporal contiguity in incidentally encoded memories","volume":"102","author":"Healey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033715","article-title":"Is memory search governed by universal principles or idiosyncratic strategies?","volume":"143","author":"Healey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-018-1537-3","article-title":"Contiguity in episodic memory","volume":"26","author":"Healey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-019-00895-8","article-title":"The role of control processes in temporal and semantic contiguity","volume":"47","author":"Healey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.01.027","article-title":"Enhanced reinstatement of naturalistic event memories due to hippocampal-network-targeted stimulation","volume":"31","author":"Hebscher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01051-6","article-title":"Geometric models reveal behavioural and neural signatures of transforming experiences into memories","volume":"5","author":"Heusser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/q4dpg","article-title":"Emphasizing temporal and semantic associations from encoding affects free recall at retrieval","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.05.001","article-title":"The hippocampus and entorhinal cortex encode the path and Euclidean distances to goals during navigation","volume":"24","author":"Howard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1006\/jmps.2001.1388","article-title":"A distributed representation of temporal context","volume":"46","author":"Howard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.2001.2798","article-title":"When does semantic similarity help episodic retrieval?","volume":"46","author":"Howard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1037\/h0063149","article-title":"Associative clustering during recall","volume":"47","author":"Jenkins","year":"1952","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012370509-9.00185-6","volume-title":"Associative retrieval processes in episodic memory","author":"Kahana","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.068","article-title":"Brain mechanisms underlying cue-based memorizing during free viewing of movie Memento","volume":"172","author":"Kauttonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(84)90082-3","article-title":"The effects of causal cohesion on comprehension and memory","volume":"23","author":"Keenan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30198-7","article-title":"The representation of context in mouse hippocampus is preserved despite neural drift","volume":"13","author":"Keinath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-422X(80)90013-3","article-title":"Learning from text, levels of comprehension, or: Why anyone would read a story anyway","volume":"9","author":"Kintsch","year":"1980","journal-title":"Poetics"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.95.2.163","article-title":"The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction\u2013integration model","volume":"95","author":"Kintsch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib62","volume-title":"Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition","author":"Kintsch","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197399","article-title":"Summarizing scrambled stories","volume":"5","author":"Kintsch","year":"1977","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib64","first-page":"28182","article-title":"Towards mental time travel: A hierarchical memory for reinforcement learning agents","volume":"34","author":"Lampinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31965-2","article-title":"Predicting memory from the network structure of naturalistic events","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/k3b9s","article-title":"Semantic network centrality captures the key concepts for successful understanding of a lecture","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2020.104238","article-title":"Incidental binding between predictive relations","volume":"199","author":"Leshinskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz300","article-title":"Transformation of event representations along middle temporal gyrus","volume":"30","author":"Leshinskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0001354","article-title":"Neural temporal context reinstatement of event structure during memory recall","volume":"152","author":"Lohnas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039036","article-title":"Expanding the scope of memory search: Modeling intralist and interlist effects in free recall","volume":"122","author":"Lohnas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74445","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.74445","article-title":"A neural network model of when to retrieve and encode episodic memories","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16782","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64272-5","article-title":"Reconciling shared versus context-specific information in a neural network model of latent causes","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2314423121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2314423121","article-title":"Sleep shapes the associative structure underlying pattern completion in multielement event memory","volume":"121","author":"Lutz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/01690968608404680","article-title":"On the comprehension of temporal order","volume":"1","author":"Mandler","year":"1986","journal-title":"Language and Cognitive Processes"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(77)90006-8","article-title":"Remembrance of things parsed: Story structure and recall","volume":"9","author":"Mandler","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70445","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70445","article-title":"Schema representations in distinct brain networks support narrative memory during encoding and retrieval","volume":"11","author":"Mas\u00eds-Obando","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(09)51009-2","article-title":"Toward a comprehensive model of comprehension","volume":"51","author":"McNamara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychology of Learning and Motivation"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976221128206","article-title":"Evidence that event boundaries are access points for memory retrieval","volume":"34","author":"Michelmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033746","article-title":"Mnemonic networks in the hippocampal formation: From spatial maps to temporal and conceptual codes","volume":"142","author":"Milivojevic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12412","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2889-15.2016","article-title":"Coding of event nodes and narrative context in the hippocampus","volume":"36","author":"Milivojevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244056","article-title":"Neural activity in human hippocampal formation reveals the spatial context of retrieved memories","volume":"342","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2020.02.017","article-title":"Learning structures: Predictive representations, replay, and generalization","volume":"32","author":"Momennejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0180-8","article-title":"The successor representation in human reinforcement learning","volume":"1","author":"Momennejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2022.105178","article-title":"Serial and strategic memory processes in goal-directed selective remembering","volume":"225","author":"Murphy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03418-5","article-title":"Neural signatures associated with temporal compression in the verbal retelling of past events","volume":"5","author":"Musz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00063949","article-title":"Pr\u00e9cis of O'Keefe & Nadel's: The hippocampus as a cognitive map","volume":"2","author":"O'Keefe","year":"1979","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.06.030","article-title":"Map making: Constructing, combining, and inferring on abstract cognitive maps","volume":"107","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.10.004","article-title":"Structuring knowledge with cognitive maps and cognitive graphs","volume":"25","author":"Peer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162","article-title":"GloVe: Global vectors for word representation","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP)","author":"Pennington","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022475","article-title":"Semantic cuing and the scale insensitivity of recency and contiguity","volume":"37","author":"Polyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014420","article-title":"A context maintenance and retrieval model of organizational processes in free recall","volume":"116","author":"Polyn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28216-9","article-title":"Event boundaries shape temporal organization of memory by resetting temporal context","volume":"13","author":"Pu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210444000412","article-title":"A novel study: Investigating the structure of narrative and autobiographical memories","volume":"13","author":"Radvansky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.08.006","article-title":"Event boundaries in memory and cognition","volume":"17","author":"Radvansky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib94","first-page":"4354","article-title":"Been there, done that: Meta-learning with episodic recall","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Ritter","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00552.x","article-title":"Predicting clustering from semantic structure","volume":"4","author":"Romney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040159","article-title":"The prediction of free recall from word association measures","volume":"62","author":"Rothkopf","year":"1961","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2020.104269","article-title":"Reward prediction errors create event boundaries in memory","volume":"203","author":"Rouhani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3331","article-title":"Neural representations of events arise from temporal community structure","volume":"16","author":"Schapiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112331","article-title":"Memory consolidation during sleep involves context reinstatement in humans","volume":"42","author":"Schechtman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8151","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9151","article-title":"Learning-related representational changes reveal dissociable integration and separation signatures in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex","volume":"6","author":"Schlichting","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013396","article-title":"A context-based theory of recency and contiguity in free recall","volume":"115","author":"Sederberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.12.2.220","article-title":"Memory connections between thematically similar episodes","volume":"12","author":"Seifert","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12505","article-title":"Structuring memory through inference-based event segmentation","volume":"13","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Topics in Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.09.057","article-title":"Event boundaries trigger rapid memory reinstatement of the prior events to promote their representation in long-term memory","volume":"27","author":"Sols","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.24.550399","article-title":"The brain hierarchically represents the past and future during multistep anticipation","author":"Tarder-Stoll","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061626","article-title":"Cognitive maps in rats and men","volume":"55","author":"Tolman","year":"1948","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib107","first-page":"83","article-title":"Causal cohesion and story coherence","volume-title":"Learning and comprehension of text","author":"Trabasso","year":"1984"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(85)90048-8","article-title":"Causal relatedness and importance of story events","volume":"24","author":"Trabasso","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(85)90049-X","article-title":"Causal thinking and the representation of narrative events","volume":"24","author":"Trabasso","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043150","article-title":"Subjective organization in free recall of \u201cunrelated\u201d words","volume":"69","author":"Tulving","year":"1962","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.2307\/1131764","article-title":"Children's and adults' memory for television stories: The role of causal factors, story-grammar categories, and hierarchical level","volume":"67","author":"van den Broek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206376","article-title":"The effects of readers' goals on inference generation and memory for texts","volume":"29","author":"van den Broek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib113","first-page":"71","article-title":"The landscape model of reading: Inferences and the online construction of a memory representation","volume-title":"The construction of mental representations during reading","author":"van den Broek","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15888","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2674-10.2010","article-title":"Retrieval of associative information congruent with prior knowledge is related to increased medial prefrontal activity and connectivity","volume":"30","author":"van Kesteren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.024","article-title":"The Tolman\u2013Eichenbaum machine: Unifying space and relational memory through generalization in the hippocampal formation","volume":"183","author":"Whittington","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2019.1622734","article-title":"Temporal-order iconicity bias in narrative event understanding and memory","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/yp2qu","article-title":"The psychological arrow of time drives temporal asymmetries in inferring unobserved past and future events","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/jpq8b","article-title":"Cognitive graphs: Representational substrates for planning","author":"Yoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-023-02342-x","article-title":"Causal learning with delays up to 21 hours","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3329","article-title":"Long-term dynamics of CA1 hippocampal place codes","volume":"16","author":"Ziv","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.22.5.1196","article-title":"Processing narrative time shifts","volume":"22","author":"Zwaan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00513.x","article-title":"The construction of situation models in narrative comprehension: An event-indexing model","volume":"6","author":"Zwaan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2025103120024794300_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.123.2.162","article-title":"Situation models in language comprehension and memory","volume":"123","author":"Zwaan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/36\/11\/2368\/2475621\/jocn_a_02216.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/36\/11\/2368\/2475621\/jocn_a_02216.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:02:56Z","timestamp":1761955376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/36\/11\/2368\/123579\/Causal-and-Chronological-Relationships-Predict"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_02216","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}