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It has been suggested that this location shift reflects a change in the content of representations, from predominantly visual during encoding to primarily semantic during retrieval. Yet, direct evidence on the nature of encoding and retrieval representations is lacking. It is also unclear how the representations mediating the encoding\u2013retrieval shift contribute to memory performance. To investigate these two issues, in the current fMRI study, participants encoded pictures (e.g., picture of a cardinal) and later performed a word recognition test (e.g., word \u201ccardinal\u201d). Representational similarity analyses examined how visual (e.g., red color) and semantic representations (e.g., what cardinals eat) support successful encoding and retrieval. These analyses revealed two novel findings. First, successful memory was associated with representational changes in cortical location (from occipito-temporal at encoding to parietal at retrieval) but not with changes in representational content (visual vs. semantic). Thus, the representational encoding\u2013retrieval shift cannot be easily attributed to a change in the nature of representations. Second, in parietal regions, stronger representations predicted encoding failure but retrieval success. This encoding\u2013retrieval \u201cflip\u201d in representations mimics the one previously reported in univariate activation studies. In summary, by answering important questions regarding the content and contributions to the performance of the representations mediating the encoding\u2013retrieval shift, our findings clarify the neural mechanisms of this intriguing phenomenon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T13:48:30Z","timestamp":1721310510000},"page":"2137-2165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Differential Mnemonic Contributions of Cortical Representations during Encoding and Retrieval"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Cortney M.","family":"Howard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University"}]},{"given":"Shenyang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Hovhannisyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arizona"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Cabeza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University"}]},{"given":"Simon W.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024090913403391300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.12.005","article-title":"Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items","volume":"59","author":"Baayen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2024090913403391300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/1534582302001003002","article-title":"Semantic retrieval, mnemonic control, and prefrontal cortex","volume":"1","author":"Badre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews"},{"key":"2024090913403391300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2024090913403391300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.08.049","article-title":"A brain-based account of \u201cbasic-level\u201d concepts","volume":"161","author":"Bauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2024090913403391300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.033","article-title":"At the intersection of attention and memory: The mechanistic role of the posterior parietal lobe in working memory","volume":"49","author":"Berryhill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2024090913403391300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","article-title":"Where is the semantic system? 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