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Within visual search, contextual cueing demonstrates how implicit knowledge of scenes can improve search performance. This is commonly interpreted as spatial context in the scenes becoming predictive of the target location, which leads to a more efficient guidance of attention during search. However, what drives this enhanced guidance is unknown. First, it is under debate whether the entire scene (global context) or more local context drives this phenomenon. Second, it is unclear how exactly improved attentional guidance is enabled by target enhancement and distractor suppression. In the present magnetoencephalography experiment, we leveraged rapid invisible frequency tagging to answer these two outstanding questions. We found that the improved performance when searching implicitly familiar scenes was accompanied by a stronger neural representation of the target stimulus, at the cost specifically of those distractors directly surrounding the target. Crucially, this biasing of local attentional competition was behaviorally relevant when searching familiar scenes. Taken together, we conclude that implicitly learned spatial predictive context improves how we search our environment by sharpening the attentional field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T11:27:44Z","timestamp":1727695664000},"page":"28-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Spatial Predictive Context Speeds Up Visual Search by Biasing Local Attentional Competition"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Floortje G.","family":"Bouwkamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University"}]},{"given":"Floris P.","family":"de Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University"}]},{"given":"Eelke","family":"Spaak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121915544925300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15191.2","article-title":"Raincloud plots: A multi-platform tool for robust data visualization","volume":"4","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Research"},{"key":"2024121915544925300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00272-8","article-title":"Tangential derivative mapping of axial MEG applied to event-related desynchronization research","volume":"111","author":"Bastiaansen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2024121915544925300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000033","article-title":"Pre-exposure of repeated search configurations facilitates subsequent contextual cuing of visual search","volume":"41","author":"Beesley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2024121915544925300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1995.7.6.1129","article-title":"An information-maximization approach to blind separation and blind deconvolution","volume":"7","author":"Bell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"2024121915544925300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.33.4.798","article-title":"Spatial constraints on learning in visual search: Modeling contextual cuing","volume":"33","author":"Brady","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2024121915544925300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox","volume":"10","author":"Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"key":"2024121915544925300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.32.4.699","article-title":"Contextual cueing in naturalistic scenes: Global and local contexts","volume":"32","author":"Brockmole","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2024121915544925300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.1","DOI":"10.1167\/8.3.10","article-title":"Unconscious associative memory affects visual processing before 100 ms","volume":"8","author":"Chaumon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"2024121915544925300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1998.0681","article-title":"Contextual cueing: Implicit learning and memory of visual context guides spatial attention","volume":"36","author":"Chun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2024121915544925300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.01.032","article-title":"How does the brain learn environmental structure? 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