{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T08:45:28Z","timestamp":1753519528576,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31970989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31970989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023NSFSC0123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023NSFSC0123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Recent studies of visual working memory (VWM) underscore a structured hierarchy of storage states. Memories that are not immediately relevant to the task at hand but are essential for later use are transferred to a passive state, which operates independently of actively maintaining and manipulating current memories. Note that stimulating passive memory forcefully can reactivate it into an active state, resulting in a competition with active memory. Thus, to remain stable representations for both states within VWM, passive memory might involve sustained suppression during activity-silent maintenance to prevent reactivation from disrupting the current active storage. To investigate this, we analyzed lateralized EEG signals while human participants (both women and men) were engaged in a sequential presentation memory task across two experiments. The results revealed positive contralateral delayed activity components and lateralized alpha enhancement for passive memory, neural indicative of suppression on passive storage. In addition, the suppression effect was independent of the memory load in both the active and the passive states. These findings support the notion of sustained suppression during activity-silent maintenance of passive memory, facilitating the stable maintenance of distinct storage states and advancing our understanding of the dynamic coding framework in VWM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T13:35:54Z","timestamp":1729604154000},"page":"334-344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Suppression Mechanisms of Passive Memory in Visual Working Memory: The Evidence from Electroencephalography"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Ziyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Normal University"},{"name":"Anyang Normal University"}]},{"given":"Wenjin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Normal University"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Normal University"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9227-7928","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Normal University"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00301","article-title":"About the distinction between working memory and short-term memory","volume":"3","author":"Aben","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01233","article-title":"Contralateral delay activity tracks fluctuations in working memory performance","volume":"30","author":"Adam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12339","article-title":"What happens to an individual visual working memory representation when it is interrupted?","volume":"110","author":"Bae","year":"2018","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3632","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3204-13.2014","article-title":"Noise in neural populations accounts for errors in working memory","volume":"34","author":"Bays","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.06.004","article-title":"Spikes not slots: Noise in neural populations limits working memory","volume":"19","author":"Bays","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00179.2009","article-title":"Practice-related improvement in working memory is modulated by changes in processing external interference","volume":"102","author":"Berry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.08.029","article-title":"Alpha oscillations serve to protect working memory maintenance against anticipated distracters","volume":"22","author":"Bonnefond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/13506285.2021.1891168","article-title":"Dynamic and flexible transformation and reallocation of visual working memory representations","volume":"29","author":"Chota","year":"2021","journal-title":"Visual Cognition"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp150","article-title":"Mechanisms of working memory disruption by external interference","volume":"20","author":"Clapp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139174909.006","article-title":"An embedded-processes model of working memory","volume":"20","author":"Cowan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy223","article-title":"Priority switches in visual working memory are supported by frontal delta and posterior alpha interactions","volume":"28","author":"de Vries","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2258","article-title":"Noise in the nervous system","volume":"9","author":"Faisal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx336","article-title":"Neural evidence for the contribution of active suppression during working memory filtering","volume":"29","author":"Feldmann-W\u00fcstefeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01271","article-title":"Contralateral delay activity indexes working memory storage, not the current focus of spatial attention","volume":"30","author":"Feldmann-W\u00fcstefeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02051","article-title":"The distractor positivity component and the inhibition of distracting stimuli","volume":"35","author":"Gaspelin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104915","article-title":"Shielding working-memory representations from temporally predictable external interference","volume":"217","author":"Gresch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49577-0","article-title":"EEG dynamics reveal a dissociation between storage and selective attention within working memory","volume":"9","author":"G\u00fcnseli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619830384","article-title":"Dissecting the neural focus of attention reveals distinct processes for spatial attention and object-based storage in visual working memory","volume":"30","author":"Hakim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab013","article-title":"Controlling the flow of distracting information in working memory","volume":"31","author":"Hakim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00978.2009","article-title":"Contralateral delay activity provides a neural measure of the number of representations in visual working memory","volume":"103","author":"Ikkai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00186","article-title":"Shaping functional architecture by oscillatory alpha activity: Gating by inhibition","volume":"4","author":"Jensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01791","article-title":"Active working memory and simple cognitive operations","volume":"34","author":"Kreither","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00305","article-title":"Decoding attended information in short-term memory: An EEG study","volume":"25","author":"LaRocque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00005","article-title":"Multiple neural states of representation in short-term memory? It's a matter of attention","volume":"8","author":"LaRocque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4881","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw283","article-title":"Within-category decoding of information in different attentional states in short-term memory","volume":"27","author":"LaRocque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00140","article-title":"Neural evidence for a distinction between short-term memory and the focus of attention","volume":"24","author":"Lewis-Peacock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104911","article-title":"The storage resources of the active and passive states are independent in visual working memory","volume":"217","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64825-4","article-title":"Interval between two sequential arrays determines their storage state in visual working memory","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119513","article-title":"Long-term memory retrieval bypasses working memory","volume":"261","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.12.004","article-title":"Distraction in visual working memory: Resistance is not futile","volume":"25","author":"Lorenc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67634-x","article-title":"Dissociable neural mechanisms underlie currently-relevant, future-relevant, and discarded working memory representations","volume":"10","author":"Lorenc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.12.014","article-title":"Reevaluating the role of persistent neural activity in short-term memory","volume":"24","author":"Masse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(06)46005-9","article-title":"Accessing recent events","volume-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory","author":"McElree","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.023","article-title":"Working memory 2.0","volume":"100","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150769","article-title":"Synaptic theory of working memory","volume":"319","author":"Mongillo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4461","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3104-20.2021","article-title":"A hierarchy of functional states in working memory","volume":"41","author":"Muhle-Karbe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.28.3.411","article-title":"Access to information in working memory: Exploring the focus of attention","volume":"28","author":"Oberauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.134.3.368","article-title":"Binding and inhibition in working memory: Individual and age differences in short-term recognition","volume":"134","author":"Oberauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000044","article-title":"An interference model of visual working memory","volume":"124","author":"Oberauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.05.004","article-title":"Different states in visual working memory: When it guides attention and when it does not","volume":"15","author":"Olivers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.02.001","article-title":"New vistas for \u03b1-frequency band oscillations","volume":"30","author":"Palva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17003","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0591-12.2012","article-title":"Task-relevant and accessory items in working memory have opposite effects on activity in extrastriate cortex","volume":"32","author":"Peters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.03.009","article-title":"Suppression of no-longer relevant information in working memory: An alpha-power related mechanism?","volume":"135","author":"Poch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05278.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of selective inhibition in visual spatial attention are indexed by \u03b1-band EEG synchronization","volume":"25","author":"Rihs","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721420922185","article-title":"The dynamic-processing model of working memory","volume":"29","author":"Rose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah7011","article-title":"Reactivation of latent working memories with transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"354","author":"Rose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/235069","article-title":"Distractor inhibition contributes to retroactive attentional orienting within working memory: Evidence by lateralized alpha oscillations in the EEG","author":"Schneider","year":"2018","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.10.020","article-title":"Hemispheric asymmetries in EEG alpha oscillations indicate active inhibition during attentional orienting within working memory","volume":"359","author":"Schneider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.07.006","article-title":"Restoring latent visual working memory representations in human cortex","volume":"91","author":"Sprague","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.05.004","article-title":"\u201cActivity-silent\u201d working memory in prefrontal cortex: A dynamic coding framework","volume":"19","author":"Stokes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.01.039","article-title":"Dynamic coding for cognitive control in prefrontal cortex","volume":"78","author":"Stokes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1080\/13506285.2020.1825141","article-title":"Theoretical distinction between functional states in working memory and their corresponding neural states","volume":"28","author":"Stokes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Visual Cognition"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.01.031","article-title":"Local and interregional alpha EEG dynamics dissociate between memory for search and memory for recognition","volume":"149","author":"van Driel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38677","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.38677","article-title":"Current and future goals are represented in opposite patterns in object-selective cortex","volume":"7","author":"van Loon","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009062","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009062","article-title":"Priority-based transformations of stimulus representation in visual working memory","volume":"18","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00123","article-title":"Revealing hidden states in visual working memory using electroencephalography","volume":"9","author":"Wolff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4546","article-title":"Dynamic hidden states underlying working-memory-guided behavior","volume":"20","author":"Wolff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025012115452874700_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0001092","article-title":"The passive state: A protective mechanism for information in working memory tasks","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/37\/2\/334\/2476285\/jocn_a_02265.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/37\/2\/334\/2476285\/jocn_a_02265.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T16:03:45Z","timestamp":1737475425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/37\/2\/334\/124933\/The-Suppression-Mechanisms-of-Passive-Memory-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_02265","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0898-929X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1530-8898"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}