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Perception can be hindered by interfering modulations at similar rates, a phenomenon known as modulation masking. Cortical envelope following responses (EFRs) are highly sensitive to these slow modulations, but it is unclear how modulation masking impacts these cortical envelope responses. To dissociate stimulus-driven and attention-driven effects, we recorded EEG responses to 4 Hz modulated noise in a two-way factorial design, varying the level of modulation masking and intermodal attention. Auditory stimuli contained one of three random masking bands in the stimulus envelope, at various proximities in modulation frequency to the 4 Hz target, or an unmasked reference condition. During EEG recordings, the same stimuli were presented while participants performed either an auditory or a visual change detection task. Attention to the auditory modality resulted in a general enhancement of sustained EFR responses to the 4 Hz target. In the visual task condition only, EFR 4 Hz power systematically decreased with increasing modulation masking, consistent with psychophysical masking patterns. However, during the auditory task, the 4 Hz EFRs were unaffected by masking and remained strong even with the highest degrees of masking. Rather than indicating a general bottom\u2013up modulation selective process, these results indicate that the masking of cortical envelope responses interacts with attention. We propose that auditory attention allows robust tracking of masked envelopes, possibly through a form of glimpsing of the target, whereas envelope responses to task-irrelevant auditory stimuli reflect stimulus salience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T12:21:27Z","timestamp":1738930887000},"page":"1189-1201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Task-dependent Modulation Masking of 4 Hz Envelope Following Responses"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8013-3166","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sam","family":"Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Dau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Hjortkj\u00e6r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091713310388000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397751","article-title":"Modulation masking: Effects of modulation frequency, depth, and phase","volume":"85","author":"Bacon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"2025091713310388000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.039","article-title":"Load effects in auditory selective attention: Evidence for distinct facilitation and inhibition mechanisms","volume":"50","author":"Bidet-Caulet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025091713310388000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/WASPAA.2019.8937219","article-title":"EEG-based decoding of auditory attention to a target instrument in polyphonic music","volume-title":"2019 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA)","author":"Cantisani","year":"2019"},{"volume-title":"Jonckheere-Terpstra test: A nonparametric test for trend","year":"2008","author":"Cardillo","key":"2025091713310388000_bib82"},{"key":"2025091713310388000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1121-21.2021","article-title":"How do you feel the rhythm: Dynamic motor\u2013auditory interactions are involved in the imagination of hierarchical timing","volume":"42","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025091713310388000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428100","article-title":"Spectro-temporal modulation transfer functions and speech intelligibility","volume":"106","author":"Chi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"2025091713310388000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4845675","article-title":"Effects of tonotopicity, adaptation, modulation tuning, and temporal coherence in \u201cprimitive\u201d auditory stream segregation","volume":"135","author":"Christiansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"2025091713310388000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2166600","article-title":"A glimpsing model of speech perception in noise","volume":"119","author":"Cooke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"2025091713310388000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4405-12.2013","article-title":"Tuning in to sound: Frequency-selective attentional filter in human primary auditory cortex","volume":"33","author":"Da Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025091713310388000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1121\/1.420344","article-title":"Modeling auditory processing of amplitude modulation. 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