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In this experiment, 175 participants were taught fundamental immunology concepts and were then randomly assigned to receive either theta or beta tACS, applied through midline frontal, left parietal, or bilateral parietal montages, or sham stimulation as a passive control condition. Memory for that newly acquired knowledge was assessed before and shortly after the intervention, 24 hr later, and 1 week later, to evaluate both acute and longer-lasting effects of the stimulation. Results indicated that theta tACS significantly enhanced memory consolidation compared with both sham and beta conditions, especially when applied using a parietal montage targeting the area of the left angular gyrus. The resulting improved performance was consistent across all stages of assessment, indicating a robust effect of postencoding theta stimulation on the persistence of semantic memory. This suggests that some processes and substrates of early memory consolidation are common to episodic and semantic memories. These findings hold practical implications for educational and therapeutic contexts, suggesting that theta tACS might be used to reinforce learning, in both healthy and memory-challenged individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T17:19:36Z","timestamp":1741886376000},"page":"1496-1510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Theta Stimulation Enhances Early Consolidation of Semantic Memory"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Limor","family":"Shtoots","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rom","family":"Barzilay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tal","family":"Gigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valery","family":"Kostovetsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel Aviv University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3086-4355","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel"},{"name":"Palo Alto University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025073013463328500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52805","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052805","article-title":"Daytime sleep enhances consolidation of the spatial but not motoric representation of motor sequence memory","volume":"8","author":"Albouy","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025073013463328500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.12.019","article-title":"Model-driven neuromodulation of the right posterior region promotes encoding of long-term memories","volume":"13","author":"Alekseichuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"2025073013463328500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp223","article-title":"Theta oscillations mediate interaction between prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe in human memory","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025073013463328500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001","article-title":"Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines","volume":"128","author":"Antal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025073013463328500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4274127","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4274127","article-title":"Effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation on cognitive functions in healthy young and older adults","volume":"2016","author":"Antonenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"key":"2025073013463328500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.01.009","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation during sleep enhances declarative (but not procedural) memory consolidation: Evidence from a meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Barham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2025073013463328500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.05.013","article-title":"Coherent theta oscillations and reorganization of spike timing in the hippocampal-prefrontal network upon learning","volume":"66","author":"Benchenane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025073013463328500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2023.06.016","article-title":"Lesion-behavior mapping indicates a strategic role for parietal substrates of associative memory","volume":"167","author":"Ben-Zvi Feldman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2025073013463328500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","article-title":"Where is the semantic system? 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