{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T17:04:15Z","timestamp":1778605455373,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003500","name":"University of Padova","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["STARS GRANT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STARS GRANT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministerial Decree","award":["n. 118\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n. 118\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Multitasking is essential for facing the complexity of everyday life environments, where the simultaneous processing of multiple information streams is ubiquitous, and it often requires an increased deployment of attentional resources to manage concurrent tasks. The physiological cognitive decline associated with aging further depletes cognitive resources, making it important to investigate the impact of aging on multitasking abilities, particularly in relation to the mnestic domain. To this aim, we investigated the impact of auditory distraction on visual memory encoding in older adults using high-density electroencephalography. Fifty healthy adults aged 48\u201372 yearscompleted a dual-task paradigm, combining visual memory encoding with an auditory sustained attention task. Behavioral performance was analyzed alongside neural correlates measured through ERPs and theta synchronization during high-density electroencephalography recordings. Participants demonstrated a decline in visual memory recognition performance under the more demanding dual-task condition, but with a stable cost across age. Increasing age negatively impacted overall performance but also subjective confidence. Neurophysiological data showed larger subsequent memory effect amplitudes and increased theta synchronization during dual-tasking, suggesting greater item-specific encoding. Source localization identified the left orbitofrontal and superior temporal gyri as well as the right opercular gyrus as key regions involved in memory encoding under distraction. Increased theta power at rest correlated with worse task performance in older adults, suggesting that neural processing efficiency declines with age. These findings highlight how multitasking interferes with memory encoding in adults, with significant neural recruitment to compensate for dual-task demands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T11:26:32Z","timestamp":1742988392000},"page":"1449-1478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Impact of Auditory Distraction on Visual Memory Encoding in Middle-aged and Older Adults: A High-density Electroencephalography Study"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Fiorella","family":"Del Popolo Cristaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padua"}]},{"given":"Maria Silvia","family":"Saccani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padua"},{"name":"Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Contemori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padua"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Livoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padua"},{"name":"Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Bonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padua"},{"name":"Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617719000249","article-title":"Increased cognitive load reveals unilateral neglect and altitudinal extinction in chronic stroke","volume":"25","author":"Andres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2017.09.010","article-title":"EEG differences between eyes-closed and eyes-open resting remain in healthy ageing","volume":"129","author":"Barry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1995.7.6.1129","article-title":"An information-maximization approach to blind separation and blind deconvolution","volume":"7","author":"Bell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8032180","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8032180","article-title":"Neural correlates of dual-task walking: Effects of cognitive versus motor interference in young adults","volume":"2016","author":"Beurskens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9478656","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9478656","article-title":"Behavioral and neural correlates of cognitive-motor interference during multitasking in young and old adults","volume":"2019","author":"Bohle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0136719","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136719","article-title":"Effects of multimodal load on spatial monitoring as revealed by ERPs","volume":"10","author":"Bonato","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0181698","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181698","article-title":"Age-related decrements in dual-task performance: Comparison of different mobility and cognitive tasks. A cross sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Brustio","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.020","article-title":"Definition and characterization of an extended multiple-demand network","volume":"165","author":"Camilleri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119810","article-title":"Alterations in rhythmic and non-rhythmic resting-state EEG activity and their link to cognition in older age","volume":"268","author":"Cesnaite","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00193","article-title":"The neural architecture of age-related dual-task interferences","volume":"6","author":"Chmielewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.048","article-title":"A better way to define and describe Morlet wavelets for time\u2013frequency analysis","volume":"199","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3390\/vision6030048","article-title":"Multitasking effects on perception and memory in older adults","volume":"6","author":"Contemori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vision"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0302152","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302152","article-title":"Cognitive\u2013cognitive dual-task in aging: A cross-sectional online study","volume":"19","author":"Contemori","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-08-02383.1991","article-title":"Selective and divided attention during visual discriminations of shape, color, and speed: Functional anatomy by positron emission tomography","volume":"11","author":"Corbetta","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610292000991","article-title":"Assessment of memory complaint in age-associated memory impairment: The MAC-Q","volume":"4","author":"Crook","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm155","article-title":"Qu\u00e9 PASA? The posterior\u2013anterior shift in aging","volume":"18","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.07.024","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of multitasking: Combining dual tasking with a short term memory task","volume":"51","author":"Deprez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.010","article-title":"Automatic parcellation of human cortical gyri and sulci using standard anatomical nomenclature","volume":"53","author":"Destrieux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.22.1.122","article-title":"Aging, metamemory, and high-confidence errors: A misrecollection account","volume":"22","author":"Dodson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2003.10.010","article-title":"Dissociable neural correlates for familiarity and recollection during the encoding and retrieval of pictures","volume":"18","author":"Duarte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognitive Brain Research"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.01.004","article-title":"The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: Mental programs for intelligent behaviour","volume":"14","author":"Duncan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648586","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.648586","article-title":"A current view on dual-task paradigms and their limitations to capture cognitive load","volume":"12","author":"Esmaeili Bijarsari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.024","article-title":"Brain templates and atlases","volume":"62","author":"Evans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-006-0011-0","article-title":"Spherical splines and average referencing in scalp electroencephalography","volume":"19","author":"Ferree","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Topography"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13468","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13468","article-title":"Having your cake and eating it too: Flexibility and power with mass univariate statistics for ERP data","volume":"57","author":"Fields","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2010.01173.x","article-title":"Resting EEG theta power correlates with cognitive performance in healthy older adults","volume":"48","author":"Finnigan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0029(20001001)51:1&lt;6::AID-JEMT2&gt;3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Event-related potential (ERP) studies of memory encoding and retrieval: A selective review","volume":"51","author":"Friedman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microscopy Research and Technique"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-9-45","article-title":"OpenMEEG: Opensource software for quasistatic bioelectromagnetics","volume":"9","author":"Gramfort","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomedical Engineering Online"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00236","article-title":"Single-trial normalization for event-related spectral decomposition reduces sensitivity to noisy trials","volume":"2","author":"Grandchamp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12504","article-title":"SIMR: An R package for power analysis of generalized linear mixed models by simulation","volume":"7","author":"Green","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2011.01273.x","article-title":"Mass univariate analysis of event-related brain potentials\/fields I: A critical tutorial review","volume":"48","author":"Groppe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52443","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52443","article-title":"Reconfiguration of functional brain networks and metabolic cost converge during task performance","volume":"9","author":"Hahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.07.051","article-title":"Age-related differences in performance and stimulus processing in dual task situation","volume":"1414","author":"Hahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2120288120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2120288120","article-title":"Identifying causal subsequent memory effects","volume":"120","author":"Halpern","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614567339","article-title":"When does cognitive functioning peak? The asynchronous rise and fall of different cognitive abilities across the life span","volume":"26","author":"Hartshorne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.022","article-title":"Comparison of the spatial resolution of source imaging techniques in high-density EEG and MEG","volume":"157","author":"Hedrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0178579","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178579","article-title":"Enhancement of multitasking performance and neural oscillations by transcranial alternating current stimulation","volume":"12","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib39","volume-title":"The impact of Dual-Tasking on mnestic performance in normal aging","author":"Iorio","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.09.050","article-title":"Encoding activity in anterior medial temporal lobe supports subsequent associative recognition","volume":"21","author":"Jackson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267307","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1267307","article-title":"Uncorking the limitation\u2014Improving dual tasking using transcranial electrical stimulation and task training in the elderly: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119547","article-title":"Structural and functional network mechanisms of rescuing cognitive control in aging","volume":"262","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.04.071","article-title":"Age-related changes of frontal-midline theta is predictive of efficient memory maintenance","volume":"273","author":"Kardos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00420","article-title":"Effects of visual and acoustic distraction on driving behavior and EEG in young and older car drivers: A driving simulation study","volume":"10","author":"Karthaus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2019.09.002","article-title":"Improved robust weighted averaging for event-related potentials in EEG","volume":"39","author":"Kotowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4695","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/19\/018","article-title":"Fast multipole acceleration of the MEG\/EEG boundary element method","volume":"50","author":"Kybic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2013.03.013","article-title":"Detecting outliers: Do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median","volume":"49","author":"Leys","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046445","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1046445","article-title":"Altered metamemory precedes cognitive impairment in subjective cognitive decline with positive amyloid-beta","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00213","article-title":"ERPLAB: An open-source toolbox for the analysis of event-related potentials","volume":"8","author":"Lopez-Calderon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib50","volume-title":"An introduction to the event-related potential technique","author":"Luck","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12639","article-title":"How to get statistically significant effects in any ERP experiment (and why you shouldn't)","volume":"54","author":"Luck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)24009-2","article-title":"\u201cStops walking when talking\u201d as a predictor of falls in elderly people","volume":"349","author":"Lundin-Olsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.05.028","article-title":"The aging brain shows less flexible reallocation of cognitive resources during dual-task walking: A mobile brain\/body imaging (MoBI) study","volume":"117","author":"Malcolm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2020.111393","article-title":"The use of motor and cognitive dual-task quantitative assessment on subjects with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review","volume":"193","author":"Mancioppi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mechanisms of Ageing and Development"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105347","article-title":"Observing memory encoding while it unfolds: Functional interpretation and current debates regarding ERP subsequent memory effects","volume":"153","author":"Mecklinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-014-0713-3","article-title":"On supertaskers and the neural basis of efficient multitasking","volume":"22","author":"Medeiros-Ward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu155","article-title":"The motor signature of mild cognitive impairment: Results from the gait and brain study","volume":"69","author":"Montero-Odasso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0096-1523.13.3.435","article-title":"Role of outcome conflict in dual-task interference","volume":"13","author":"Navon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156869","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","article-title":"FieldTrip: Open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data","volume":"2011","author":"Oostenveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.05.012","article-title":"Resting-state EEG alpha\/theta power ratio discriminates early-onset Alzheimer's disease from healthy controls","volume":"132","author":"\u00d6zbek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4730-5","article-title":"Cortical activity modulations underlying age-related performance differences during posture\u2013cognition dual tasking","volume":"234","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189025","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189025","article-title":"Neural correlates of motor\u2013cognitive dual-tasking in young and old adults","volume":"12","author":"Papegaaij","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093656","article-title":"The adaptive brain: Aging and neurocognitive scaffolding","volume":"60","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.2.220","article-title":"Dual-task interference in simple tasks: Data and theory","volume":"116","author":"Pashler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90180-6","article-title":"Spherical splines for scalp potential and current density mapping","volume":"72","author":"Perrin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.026","article-title":"ICLabel: An automated electroencephalographic independent component classifier, dataset, and website","volume":"198","author":"Pion-Tonachini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2003.07.006","article-title":"Dissociable correlates of recollection and familiarity within the medial temporal lobes","volume":"42","author":"Ranganath","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib69","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-014-9270-9","article-title":"How does it STAC up? Revisiting the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition","volume":"24","author":"Reuter-Lorenz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychology Review"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107152","article-title":"Electrophysiological correlates of spatial processing during multitasking","volume":"133","author":"Romeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196141","article-title":"Processing bottlenecks in dual-task performance: Structural limitation or strategic postponement?","volume":"8","author":"Ruthruff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100328","article-title":"Consequences of age-related cognitive declines","volume":"63","author":"Salthouse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023262","article-title":"Neuroanatomical substrates of age-related cognitive decline","volume":"137","author":"Salthouse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117430","article-title":"Spatial fidelity of MEG\/EEG source estimates: A general evaluation approach","volume":"224","author":"Samuelsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1995-y","article-title":"Normative data for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in an Italian population sample","volume":"36","author":"Santangelo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-021-01903-2","article-title":"Crosstalk, not resource competition, as a source of dual-task costs: Evidence from manipulating stimulus-action effect conceptual compatibility","volume":"28","author":"Schacherer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib78","volume-title":"E-prime","author":"Schneider","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bhae278","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae278","article-title":"Task and stimulus coding in the multiple-demand network","volume":"34","author":"Shashidhara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2154","article-title":"Recognition memory and the medial temporal lobe: A new perspective","volume":"8","author":"Squire","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.09.044","article-title":"Sensitivity of human EEG alpha band desynchronization to different working memory components and increasing levels of memory load","volume":"353","author":"Stipacek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01813-1","article-title":"Independent component analysis: An introduction","volume":"6","author":"Stone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879716","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/879716","article-title":"Brainstorm: A user-friendly application for MEG\/EEG analysis","volume":"2011","author":"Tadel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2024.101404","article-title":"Theta activity and cognitive functioning: Integrating evidence from resting-state and task-related developmental electroencephalography (EEG) research","volume":"67","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.09.003","article-title":"Multitasking in aging: ERP correlates of dual-task costs in young versus low, intermediate, and high performing older adults","volume":"119","author":"Th\u00f6nes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0096-1523.29.1.3","article-title":"A central capacity sharing model of dual-task performance","volume":"29","author":"Tombu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.04.016","article-title":"Age-related changes in brain activation underlying single- and dual-task performance: Visuomanual drawing and mental arithmetic","volume":"49","author":"Van Impe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.790438","article-title":"Computer-based assessment: Dual-task outperforms large-screen cancellation task in detecting contralesional omissions","volume":"12","author":"Villarreal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/TAU.1967.1161901","article-title":"The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms","volume":"15","author":"Welch","year":"1967","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7724","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0594-20.2020","article-title":"Hierarchical representation of multistep tasks in multiple-demand and default mode networks","volume":"40","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-019-0218-1","article-title":"A taxonomy of cognitive tasks to evaluate cognitive-motor interference on spatiotemoporal gait parameters in older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wollesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Review of Aging and Physical Activity"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01870-4","article-title":"Common and distinct neural correlates of dual-tasking and task-switching: A meta-analytic review and a neuro-cognitive processing model of human multitasking","volume":"224","author":"Worringer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Structure and Function"},{"key":"2025073013464372700_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.630143","article-title":"Evidence for age-equivalent and task-dissociative metacognition in the memory domain","volume":"12","author":"Zakrzewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/37\/9\/1449\/2509817\/jocn_a_02330.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/37\/9\/1449\/2509817\/jocn_a_02330.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T17:46:49Z","timestamp":1753897609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/37\/9\/1449\/128582\/The-Impact-of-Auditory-Distraction-on-Visual"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_02330","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}