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To this end, we manipulated the correctness of prosodic markers in the context and scrutinized how listeners evaluate these violations\u2014whether they result in lexical or focus anomalies\u2014using psychometric and EEG measures. Psychometric data from 40 participants indicated that prosodic violations were judged as incorrect by the listeners both at the lexical and focus levels, with focus level violations leading to lower correctness scores than lexical level violations, and combined violations receiving the lowest scores. EEG data from 20 participants documented a strong N400 effect (350\u2013550 msec) in response to combined violations, and a late posterior negativity (600\u2013900 msec) present only for combined violations and focus-level violations. Consistent with the psychometric data, the EEG data suggest that prosodic violations at the focus level result in higher costs for comprehension than prosodic violations at the lexical level, whereas combined prosodic violations most significantly disrupt the interpretation. Taken together, these findings suggest that the language comprehension system is sensitive to accurate representations of both lexical and information structure prosody, and benefits from the interaction between them; however, they are weighted differently based on their relevance for a functioning spoken communication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_02334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T07:48:56Z","timestamp":1744184936000},"page":"1633-1665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lexical and Information Structure Functions of Prosody and Their Relevance for Spoken Communication: Evidence from Psychometric and Electroencephalographic Data"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Hatice","family":"Zora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Bowin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Voice Emerge, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattias","family":"Heldner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stockholm University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Riad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stockholm University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hagoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025083113211854800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1515\/phon-2021-2002","article-title":"Features of low functional load in mono- and bilinguals' lexical access: Evidence from Swedish tonal accent","volume":"78","author":"Althaus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"2025083113211854800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199384655.013.411","article-title":"The phonetics of prosody","volume-title":"Oxford research encyclopedia of linguistics","author":"Arvaniti","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025083113211854800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"2025083113211854800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099503800403","article-title":"Focus, accent, and argument structure: Effects on language comprehension","volume":"38","author":"Birch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Language and Speech"},{"key":"2025083113211854800_bib5","article-title":"Doing phonetics by computer (Version 6.2.04)","author":"Boersma","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025083113211854800_bib6","first-page":"474","article-title":"Korp\u2014The corpus infrastructure of Spr\u00e5kbanken","volume-title":"Proceedings of LREC 2012","author":"Borin","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025083113211854800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1023\/b:jopr.0000017223.98667.10","article-title":"Who do you love, your mother or your horse? 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