{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T21:54:43Z","timestamp":1648850083085},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Computation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Neurons of primary auditory cortex (AI) emit spikes (action potentials) in two distinct manners, responding to sounds in an onset or a sustained manner. The former AI neurons are called phasic cells and the latter tonic cells. The phasic cells generate spikes for a brief time period (less than hundreds of milliseconds) at the onset of an auditory stimulus (e.g., a tone frequency sound), and the tonic cells continuously generate spikes throughout the stimulation period. Simulating a neural network model of AI, we investigated whether and how the onset discharges influence the sustained discharges that are believed to play a central role in encoding auditory information. Onset discharges, triggered by a phasic input, briefly excited GABAergic interneurons and transiently increased the level of ambient GABA, which was immediately recognized by extrasynaptic GABA<jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub> receptors and provided inhibitory currents into neurons. The transient alteration of ambient GABA allowed tonic cells to respond selectively to a tonic input. The timing of phasic input relative to a tonic one had a great impact on the responsiveness of tonic cells. We found optimal timing for the best selective responsiveness: phasic input preceding tonic input by several tens of milliseconds. Offset discharges induced by a secondary input to phasic cells, applied at the end of the tonic input period, suddenly terminated the sustained discharges and allowed the network to return rapidly to the ongoing-spontaneous neuronal state. We suggest that the transporter-mediated alteration of ambient GABA, triggered by onset discharges, may improve the response property of AI neurons. Offset discharges may have a role in resetting AI neurons so that they can prepare for the next auditory input. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2010.02-09-969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,25]],"date-time":"2010-01-25T18:21:01Z","timestamp":1264443661000},"page":"1358-1382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Alteration of Ambient GABA by Phasic and Tonic Neuronal Activation"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Osamu","family":"Hoshino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 316-8511 Japan"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10164"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)02316-8"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019417"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Methods in neuronal modeling","author":"Destexhe A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-21-07940.2003"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj055"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5451.273"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09548980601009650"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2007.19.12.3310"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.08-07-589"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2009.05-08-778"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)91230-8"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082874"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01433.x"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050290"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1519"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-25-08649.2003"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5451.244"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.07.002"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-05-01693.1998"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903440304"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(00)00194-5"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1535-7597.2004.46008.x"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00317.2003"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04989.x"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019085"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1986.tb07938.x"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03565"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-33-10650.2003"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.10.021"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00856.2002"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"228","volume-title":"Fundamentals of hearing","author":"Yost W. 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