{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,4]],"date-time":"2023-06-04T21:11:12Z","timestamp":1685913072571},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Computation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Multisensory integration (such as somatosensation-vision, gustation-olfaction) could occur even between subthreshold stimuli that in isolation do not reach perceptual awareness. For example, when a somatosensory (subthreshold) stimulus is delivered within a close spatiotemporal congruency, a visual (subthreshold) stimulus evokes a visual percept. Cross-modal enhancement of visual perception is maximal when the somatosensory stimulation precedes the visual one by tens of milliseconds. This rapid modulatory response would not be consistent with a top-down mechanism acting through higher-order multimodal cortical areas, but rather a direct interaction between lower-order unimodal areas. To elucidate the neuronal mechanisms of subthreshold cross-modal enhancement, we simulated a neural network model. In the model, lower unimodal (X, Y) and higher multimodal (M) networks are reciprocally connected by bottom-up and top-down axonal projections. The lower networks are laterally connected with each other. A pair of stimuli was presented to the lower networks, whose respective intensities were too weak to induce salient neuronal activity (population response) when presented alone. Neurons of the Y network were slightly depolarized below firing threshold when a cross-modal stimulus was presented alone to the X network. This allowed the Y network to make a rapid (within tens of milliseconds) population response when presented with a subsequent congruent stimulus. The reaction speed of the Y network was accelerated, provided that the top-down projections were strengthened. We suggest that a subthreshold (nonpopulation) response to a cross-modal stimulus, acting through interaction between lower (primary unisensory) areas, may be essential for a rapid suprathreshold (population) response to a congruent stimulus that follows. Top-down influences on cross-modal enhancement may be faster than expected, accelerating reaction speed to input, in which ongoing-spontaneous subthreshold excitation of lower-order unimodal cells by higher-order multimodal cells may play an active role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_00096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,11]],"date-time":"2011-01-11T21:32:16Z","timestamp":1294781536000},"page":"958-983","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Neuronal Responses Below Firing Threshold for Subthreshold Cross-Modal Enhancement"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Osamu","family":"Hoshino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 316-8511, Japan"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976600300015547"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04462.x"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"6","volume":"4","author":"Cuppini C.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. 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