{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T21:45:15Z","timestamp":1765057515649,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Computation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Activities of sensory-specific cortices are known to be suppressed when presented with a different sensory modality stimulus. This is referred to as cross-modal inhibition, for which the conventional synaptic mechanism is unlikely to work. Interestingly, the cross-modal inhibition could be eliminated when presented with multisensory stimuli arising from the same event. To elucidate the underlying neuronal mechanism of cross-modal inhibition and understand its significance for multisensory information processing, we simulated a neural network model. Principal cell to and GABAergic interneuron to glial cell projections were assumed between and within lower-order unimodal networks (X and Y), respectively. Cross-modality stimulation of Y network activated its principal cells, which then depolarized glial cells of X network. This let transporters on the glial cells export GABA molecules into the extracellular space and increased a level of ambient (extrasynaptic) GABA. The ambient GABA molecules were accepted by extrasynaptic GABA<jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>receptors and tonically inhibited principal cells of the X network. Cross-modal inhibition took place in a nonsynaptic manner. Identical modality stimulation of X network activated its principal cells, which then activated interneurons and hyperpolarized glial cells of the X network. This let their transporters import (remove) GABA molecules from the extracellular space and reduced tonic inhibitory current in principal cells, thereby improving their gain function. Top-down signals from a higher-order multimodal network (M) contributed to elimination of the cross-modal inhibition when presented with multisensory stimuli that arose from the same event. Tuning into the multisensory event deteriorated if the cross-modal inhibitory mechanism did not work. We suggest that neuron-glia signaling may regulate local ambient GABA levels in order to coordinate cross-modal inhibition and improve neuronal gain function, thereby achieving reliable perception of multisensory events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_00356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,24]],"date-time":"2012-08-24T17:27:44Z","timestamp":1345829264000},"page":"2964-2993","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Regulation of Ambient GABA Levels by Neuron-Glia Signaling for Reliable Perception of Multisensory Events"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Osamu","family":"Hoshino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 316-8511, Japan"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.5.2731"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2008.08.002"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.3.1407"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00223-3"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-04-01127.2001"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(02)00163-6"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021806"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704795"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5312.593"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04462.x"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.04.010"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.10.001"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Methods in neuronal modeling","author":"Destexhe A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj055"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2010.01.003"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-13-05749.2002"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1625"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.298.5593.556"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0799-05.2005"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.04.008"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0429rev"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09548980601009650"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.08-07-589"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2009.05-08-778"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2010.02-09-969"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00096"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90075-6"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2009.03.006"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603741103"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892902317361930"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)91230-8"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025799816285"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1162"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(94)90152-X"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(03)00237-6"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-04-02948.1995"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2610-06.2006"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.11.010"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2010.08.016"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.01.049"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903440304"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5468-06.2007"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1535-7597.2004.46008.x"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00317.2003"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(03)00121-1"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90914-F"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)08745-0","volume":"49","author":"Saxena N. 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