{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:37:27Z","timestamp":1791923847764,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Computation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrophysiology is entering the era of big data. Multiple probes, each with hundreds to thousands of individual electrodes, are now capable of simultaneously recording from many brain regions. The major challenge confronting these new technologies is transforming the raw data into physiologically meaningful signals, that is, single unit spikes. Sorting the spike events of individual neurons from a spatiotemporally dense sampling of the extracellular electric field is a problem that has attracted much attention (Rey, Pedreira, &amp; Quian Quiroga, 2015 ; Rossant et\u00a0al., 2016 ) but is still far from solved. Current methods still rely on human input and thus become unfeasible as the size of the data sets grows exponentially. Here we introduce the [Formula: see text]-student stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) dimensionality reduction method (Van der Maaten &amp; Hinton, 2008 ) as a visualization tool in the spike sorting process. t-SNE embeds the [Formula: see text]-dimensional extracellular spikes ([Formula: see text] = number of features by which each spike is decomposed) into a low- (usually two-) dimensional space. We show that such embeddings, even starting from different feature spaces, form obvious clusters of spikes that can be easily visualized and manually delineated with a high degree of precision. We propose that these clusters represent single units and test this assertion by applying our algorithm on labeled data sets from both hybrid (Rossant et\u00a0al., 2016 ) and paired juxtacellular\/extracellular recordings (Neto et\u00a0al., 2016 ). We have released a graphical user interface (GUI) written in Python as a tool for the manual clustering of the t-SNE embedded spikes and as a tool for an informed overview and fast manual curation of results from different clustering algorithms. Furthermore, the generated visualizations offer evidence in favor of the use of probes with higher density and smaller electrodes. They also graphically demonstrate the diverse nature of the sorting problem when spikes are recorded with different methods and arise from regions with different background spiking statistics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]],"date-time":"2018-06-12T17:54:50Z","timestamp":1528826090000},"page":"1750-1774","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["t-SNE Visualization of Large-Scale Neural Recordings"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"George","family":"Dimitriadis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, UCL, London W1T 4JG, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana P.","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, UCL, London W1T 4JG, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam R.","family":"Kampff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, UCL, London W1T 4JG, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn4012847"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976603321780317"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0672"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2012.08.015"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1233"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IASTED International Symposium Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","author":"Chang D.","year":"2008"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4237"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"226","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","author":"Ester M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(96)00050-7"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.143.3612.1325"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(95)00085-2"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.1.401"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(02)00032-8"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24636"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0954-898X_9_4_001"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14236"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00103.2016"},{"key":"B18","author":"Pachitariu M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kilosort: Realtime spike-sorting for extracellular electrophysiology with hundreds of channels"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2012.07.010"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056883"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976604774201631"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102388"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"1250","author":"Recce M. 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