{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T01:50:22Z","timestamp":1768269022380,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Computation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Neural-inspired spike-based computing machines often claim to achieve considerable advantages in terms of energy and time efficiency by using spikes for computation and communication. However, fundamental questions about spike-based computation remain unanswered. For instance, how much advantage do spike-based approaches have over conventional methods, and under what circumstances does spike-based computing provide a comparative advantage? Simply implementing existing algorithms using spikes as the medium of computation and communication is not guaranteed to yield an advantage. Here, we demonstrate that spike-based communication and computation within algorithms can increase throughput, and they can decrease energy cost in some cases. We present several spiking algorithms, including sorting a set of numbers in ascending\/descending order, as well as finding the maximum or minimum or median of a set of numbers. We also provide an example application: a spiking median-filtering approach for image processing providing a low-energy, parallel implementation. The algorithms and analyses presented here demonstrate that spiking algorithms can provide performance advantages and offer efficient computation of fundamental operations useful in more complex algorithms. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]],"date-time":"2018-07-18T23:43:25Z","timestamp":1531957405000},"page":"2660-2690","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Computing with Spikes: The Advantage of Fine-Grained Timing"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Verzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy, Earth and Complex Systems Center, Sandia National Laboratories, NM 87185-1138, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fredrick","family":"Rothganger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, NM 87185-1326, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ojas D.","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, NM 87185-1326, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tu-Thach","family":"Quach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Threat Intelligence Center, Sandia National Laboratories, NM 87185-1248, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadine E.","family":"Miner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"System Mission Engineering Center, Sandia National Laboratories, NM 87185-9405, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig M.","family":"Vineyard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, NM 87185-1327, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conrad D.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsystems Science, Technology and Components Center, Sandia National Laboratories, NM 87185-1425, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Aimone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, NM 87185-1327, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(99)00161-6"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0190(84)90128-5"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01495739908947372"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-491850-4.50009-X"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305004100057443"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0000(85)90008-X"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2011.01.002"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2313565"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1001080"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003258"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems","volume":"5","author":"Burgess N.","year":"1992"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-007-0117-3"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/97.889633"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0217049"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0190(85)90080-8"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"Cormen, T. 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