{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T17:33:58Z","timestamp":1689874438853},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Lateral connections in the primary visual cortex (V1) have long been hypothesized to be responsible for several visual processing mechanisms such as brightness induction, chromatic induction, visual discomfort, and bottom-up visual attention (also named saliency). Many computational models have been developed to independently predict these and other visual processes, but no computational model has been able to reproduce all of them simultaneously. In this work, we show that a biologically plausible computational model of lateral interactions of V1 is able to simultaneously predict saliency and all the aforementioned visual processes. Our model's architecture (NSWAM) is based on Penacchio's neurodynamic model of lateral connections of V1. It is defined as a network of firing rate neurons, sensitive to visual features such as brightness, color, orientation, and scale. We tested NSWAM saliency predictions using images from several eye tracking data sets. We show that the accuracy of predictions obtained by our architecture, using shuffled metrics, is similar to other state-of-the-art computational methods, particularly with synthetic images (CAT2000-Pattern and SID4VAM) that mainly contain low-level features. Moreover, we outperform other biologically inspired saliency models that are specifically designed to exclusively reproduce saliency. We show that our biologically plausible model of lateral connections can simultaneously explain different visual processes present in V1 (without applying any type of training or optimization and keeping the same parameterization for all the visual processes). This can be useful for the definition of a unified architecture of the primary visual cortex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T22:55:47Z","timestamp":1639695347000},"page":"378-414","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Neurodynamic Model of Saliency Prediction in V1"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Berga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurecat, Centre Tecn\u00f2logic de Catalunya, 08005 Barcelona, Spain david.berga@eurecat.org"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Otazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Vision Center, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona Edifici O, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain xotazu@cvc.uab.es"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2022040618224674500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1975","article-title":"Neurons in monkey visual area V2 encode combinations of orientations.","volume":"10","author":"Anzai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B2","author":"Asenov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dynamic model of interactions between orientation selective neurons in primary visual cortex"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022040618224674500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1068\/p251281","article-title":"Distractor heterogeneity versus linear separability in colour visual search","volume":"25","author":"Bauer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2018.10.006","article-title":"Psychophysical evaluation of individual low-level feature influences on visual attention.","volume":"154","author":"Berga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B5","article-title":"Sid4vam: A benchmark dataset with synthetic images for visual attention modeling","author":"Berga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040618224674500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2012.89","article-title":"State-of-the-art in visual attention modeling","volume":"35","author":"Borji","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B7","article-title":"Cat2000: A large scale fixation dataset for boosting saliency research","author":"Borji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the CVPR 2015 Workshop on Future of Datasets"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040618224674500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/tip.2012.2210727","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of human-model agreement in visual saliency modeling: A comparative study","volume":"22","author":"Borji","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccv.2013.118","article-title":"Analysis of scores, datasets, and models in visual saliency prediction","author":"Borji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B10","article-title":"Saliency based on information maximization","author":"Bruce","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022040618224674500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/9.3.5","article-title":"Saliency, attention, and visual search: An information theoretic approach","volume":"9","author":"Bruce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.01.010","article-title":"On computational modeling of visual saliency: Examining what's right, and what's left","volume":"116","author":"Bruce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.04.007","article-title":"Towards the quantitative evaluation of visual attention models","volume":"116","author":"Bylinskii","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B14","author":"Bylinskii","journal-title":"MIT saliency benchmark"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B15","author":"Bylinskii","year":"2016","journal-title":"What do different evaluation metrics tell us about saliency models?"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022040618224674500_B16","article-title":"A multi-task neurodynamical model of lateral interactions in V1: Chromatic induction","volume":"45","author":"Cerda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15910-729","article-title":"Efficient neural models for visual attention","author":"Chevallier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computer vision and graphics"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B18","article-title":"A deep multi-level network for saliency prediction.","author":"Cornia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B19","author":"Cornia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Predicting human eye fixations via an LSTM-based saliency attentive model"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022040618224674500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/josaa.31.00a247","article-title":"Symmetries and asymmetries in chromatic discrimination","volume":"31","author":"Danilova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022040618224674500_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.09.037","article-title":"A neurodynamical cortical model of visual attention and invariant object recognition","volume":"4","author":"Deco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022040618224674500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295x.96.3.433","article-title":"Visual search and stimulus similarity","volume":"96","author":"Duncan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022040618224674500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(91)90203-h","article-title":"Color in visual search","volume":"31","author":"Zmura","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040618224674500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.48.1.269","article-title":"Visual attention: Control, representation, and time course","volume":"48","author":"Egeth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.06.011","article-title":"Salience, relevance, and firing: A priority map for target selection","volume":"10","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.05.015","article-title":"Saliency for free: Saliency prediction as a side-effect of object recognition","volume":"150","author":"Flores","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022040618224674500_B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-006-0026-8","article-title":"Self-invertible 2D log-Gabor wavelets.","volume":"75","author":"Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B27","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"A discriminant hypothesis for visual saliency: Computational principles, biological plausibility and applications in computer vision"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040618224674500_B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2011.11.007","article-title":"Saliency from hierarchical adaptation through decorrelation and variance normalization","volume":"30","author":"Diaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022040618224674500_B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160512331314056","article-title":"Comparison between Mallat's and the \u201c\u00e0 trous\u201d discrete wavelet transform based algorithms for the fusion of multispectral and panchromatic images","volume":"26","author":"Audicana","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022040618224674500_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1423565","article-title":"Size scaling and spatial factors in visual attention","volume":"110","author":"Goolkasian","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B31","first-page":"545","volume-title":"Advances in neural information processing system","author":"Harel","year":"2007"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-019-01849-7","article-title":"Center bias outperforms image salience but not semantics in accounting for attention during scene viewing","volume":"82","author":"Hayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022040618224674500_B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295x.114.3.599","article-title":"A Boolean map theory of visual attention","volume":"114","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccv.2015.38","article-title":"SALICON: Reducing the semantic gap in saliency prediction by adapting deep neural networks","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040618224674500_B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008455","article-title":"Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex","volume":"195","author":"Hubel","year":"1968","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022040618224674500_B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.3327","article-title":"Visual salience","volume":"2","author":"Itti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scholarpedia"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00163-7","article-title":"A saliency-based search mechanism for overt and covert shifts of visual attention","volume":"1","author":"Itti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022040618224674500_B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1109\/34.730558","article-title":"A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis","volume":"20","author":"Itti","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B39","article-title":"A benchmark of computational models of saliency to predict human fixations","author":"Judd","year":"2012","journal-title":"CSAIL Technical Reports"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-3833-5_5","article-title":"Shifts in selective visual attention: Towards the underlying neural circuitry.","author":"Koch","year":"1987","journal-title":"Matters of intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040618224674500_B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-010-9089-5","article-title":"Predicting eye fixations on complex visual stimuli using local symmetry.","volume":"3","author":"Kootstra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cognitive Computation"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B42","author":"K\u00fcmmerer","year":"2016","journal-title":"DeepGaze II: Reading fixations from deep features trained on object recognition"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2016.12.003","article-title":"Discomfort from urban scenes: Metabolic consequences","volume":"160","author":"Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022040618224674500_B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1109\/34.541406","article-title":"Image representation using 2D Gabor wavelets","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040618224674500_B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0226-9","article-title":"Methods for comparing scanpaths and saliency maps: Strengths and weaknesses","volume":"45","author":"LeMeur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022040618224674500_B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1162\/089976698300017557","article-title":"A neural model of contour integration in the primary visual cortex","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"issue":"18","key":"2022040618224674500_B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10530","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.18.10530","article-title":"Contextual influences in V1 as a basis for pop out and asymmetry in visual search","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040618224674500_B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/s1364-6613(00)01817-9","article-title":"A saliency map in primary visual cortex","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022040618224674500_B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901590303","article-title":"Interlaminar connections and pyramidal neuron organisation in the visual cortex, area 17, of the macaque monkey","volume":"159","author":"Lund","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022040618224674500_B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(73)90201-0","article-title":"The visual cortex as a spatial frequency analyser","volume":"13","author":"Maffei","year":"1973","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022040618224674500_B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.11.004","article-title":"Chromatic induction from S-cone patterns","volume":"44","author":"Monnier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cvpr.2011.5995506","article-title":"Saliency estimation using a non-parametric low-level vision model","author":"Murray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition."},{"issue":"19","key":"2022040618224674500_B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6989(99)00009-7","article-title":"Interactions between achromatic and chromatic mechanisms in visual search","volume":"39","author":"Nagy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040618224674500_B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22685","article-title":"Morphology of superior colliculus- and middle temporal area\u2013projecting neurons in primate primary visual cortex","volume":"520","author":"Nhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022040618224674500_B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1163\/156856893x00487","article-title":"The conspicuousness of orientation and motion contrast.","volume":"7","author":"Nothdurft","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"issue":"14","key":"2022040618224674500_B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(93)90020-w","article-title":"The role of features in preattentive vision: Comparison of orientation, motion and color cues.","volume":"33","author":"Nothdurft","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6989(00)00031-6","article-title":"Salience from feature contrast: Additivity across dimensions.","volume":"40","author":"Nothdurft","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022040618224674500_B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/10.12.5","article-title":"Toward a unified chromatic induction model","volume":"10","author":"Otazu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022040618224674500_B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.12.008","article-title":"Multiresolution wavelet framework models brightness induction effects.","volume":"48","author":"Otazu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B60","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"SalGAN: Visual saliency prediction with generative adversarial networks"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022040618224674500_B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.15.000563","article-title":"Color and luminance information in natural scenes","volume":"15","author":"Parraga","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022040618224674500_B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.11.025","article-title":"Is contrast just another feature for visual selective attention?","volume":"44","author":"Pashler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022040618224674500_B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064086","article-title":"A neurodynamical model of brightness induction in V1","volume":"8","author":"Penacchio","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2014.12.013","article-title":"Visual discomfort and the spatial distribution of Fourier energy","volume":"108","author":"Penacchio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022040618224674500_B65","article-title":"Inhibitory function and its contribution to cortical hyperexcitability and visual discomfort as assessed by a computation model of cortical function","volume":"45","author":"Penacchio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 39th European Conference of Visual Perception, Perception"},{"issue":"15","key":"2022040618224674500_B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.01.026","article-title":"A biologically plausible model of human radial frequency perception","volume":"46","author":"Poirier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022040618224674500_B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015293","article-title":"Size matters: Large objects capture attention in visual search","volume":"5","author":"Proulx","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccv.2013.147","author":"Riche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B69","article-title":"Bottom-up saliency models for still images: A practical review.","author":"Riche","year":"2016","journal-title":"From human attention to computational attention"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022040618224674500_B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/4.3.9","article-title":"The effect of background color on asymmetries in color search","volume":"4","author":"Rosenholtz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040618224674500_B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1974.37.1.181","article-title":"Response characteristics of single cells in the monkey superior colliculus following ablation or cooling of visual cortex","volume":"37","author":"Schiller","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B72","author":"Schiller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vision: From neurons to cognition"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022040618224674500_B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(80)90090-5","article-title":"Computational anatomy and functional architecture of striate cortex: A spatial mapping approach to perceptual coding","volume":"20","author":"Schwartz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022040618224674500_B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/9.12.15","article-title":"Static and space-time visual saliency detection by self-resemblance","volume":"9","author":"Seo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B75","author":"Stathaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Image fusion: Algorithms and applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022040618224674500_B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.10.005","article-title":"Eye movements selective for spatial frequency and orientation during active visual search","volume":"49","author":"Tavassoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022040618224674500_B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02489.x","article-title":"Saccadic eye movements evoked by microstimulation of striate cortex","volume":"17","author":"Tehovnik","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B78","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opensalicon: An open source implementation of the saliconsaliency model"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022040618224674500_B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.114.3.285","article-title":"Search asymmetry: A diagnostic for preattentive processing of separable features","volume":"114","author":"Treisman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(95)00025-9","article-title":"Modeling visual attention via selective tuning","volume":"78","author":"Tsotsos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"1714","key":"2022040618224674500_B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0113","article-title":"How is visual salience computed in the brain? Insights from behaviour, neurobiology and modelling","volume":"372","author":"Veale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B82","author":"Wade","year":"1982","journal-title":"The art and science of visual illusions"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022040618224674500_B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/14.7.15","article-title":"A formula for human retinal ganglion cell receptive field density as a function of visual field location","volume":"14","author":"Watson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14263","article-title":"Superior colliculus neurons encode a visual saliency map during free viewing of natural dynamic video","volume":"8","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"35","key":"2022040618224674500_B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9451","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1701003114","article-title":"Superior colliculus encodes visual saliency before the primary visual cortex","volume":"114","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B86","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Oxford handbook of eye movements"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022040618224674500_B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1068\/p080413","article-title":"A new effect of pattern on perceived lightness","volume":"8","author":"White","year":"1979","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B88","author":"Wloka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Smiler: Saliency model implementation library for experimental research"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022040618224674500_B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03194406","article-title":"Asymmetries in visual search: An introduction","volume":"63","author":"Wolfe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Perception and Psychophysics"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803854115","article-title":"Bottom-up saliency and top-down learning in the primary visual cortex of monkeys","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470828144","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Selective visual attention"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022040618224674500_B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/8.7.32","article-title":"SUN: A Bayesian framework for saliency using natural statistics","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"2022040618224674500_B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199564668.001.0001","author":"Zhaoping","year":"2014","journal-title":"Understanding vision: Theory, models, and data."}],"container-title":["Neural Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/neco\/article-pdf\/34\/2\/378\/2006870\/neco_a_01464.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/neco\/article-pdf\/34\/2\/378\/2006870\/neco_a_01464.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T18:23:17Z","timestamp":1649269397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/neco\/article\/34\/2\/378\/108538\/A-Neurodynamic-Model-of-Saliency-Prediction-in-V1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/neco_a_01464","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-7667","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-888X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]}}}