{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T01:30:26Z","timestamp":1775525426126,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The term \u201cbelievability\u201d is often used to describe expectations concerning virtual agents. In this paper, we analyze which factors influence the believability of the agent acting as the software assistant. We consider several factors such as embodiment, communicative behavior, and emotional capabilities. We conduct a perceptive study where we analyze the role of plausible and\/or appropriate emotional displays in relation to believability. We also investigate how people judge the believability of the agent, and whether it provokes social reactions of humans toward it. Finally, we evaluate the respective impact of embodiment and emotion over believability judgments. The results of our study show that (a) appropriate emotions lead to higher perceived believability, (b) the notion of believability is closely correlated with the two major socio-cognitive variables, namely competence and warmth, and (c) considering an agent as believable can be different from having a human-like attitude toward it. Finally, a primacy of emotion behavior over embodiment while judging believability is also hypothesized from free responses given by the participants of this experiment. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,16]],"date-time":"2012-02-16T17:01:16Z","timestamp":1329411676000},"page":"431-448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["How Is Believability of a Virtual Agent Related to Warmth, Competence, Personification, and Embodiment?"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Virginie","family":"Demeure","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, 31058 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France"}]},{"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Niewiadomski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LTCI, Telecom ParisTech"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Pelachaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS-LTCI, Telecom ParisTech"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/176789.176803"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2008.10.008"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2009.05.001"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00029-7"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00020-X"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.11.005"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2007.05.007"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022382413579"},{"issue":"2","key":"p_14","first-page":"163","volume":"33","author":"Gong L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Communication Research"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01793.x"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.7.4.309"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.89.6.899"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.07.003"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2006.05.002"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/258549.258797"},{"key":"p_25","first-page":"61","author":"Lester J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Working Notes of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Workshop on Animated Interface Agents: Making Them Intelligent"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0266-4909.2001.00237.x"},{"key":"p_30","first-page":"53","author":"Mulken S. V.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of IASTED International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474603322761289"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.70"},{"key":"p_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1082473.1082615"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/280765.280851"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026086"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci1102_1"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093707"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/191666.191708"},{"key":"p_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01750.x"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.2.222"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672982412001"},{"key":"p_49","first-page":"31","author":"Xuetao M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Friendly Fridges-The Social Understanding of Artificial Intelligence"}],"container-title":["Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mitpressjournals.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1162\/PRES_a_00065","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T21:29:04Z","timestamp":1615584544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/pvar\/article\/20\/5\/431-448\/59016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1162\/PRES_a_00065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/pres_a_00065","relation":{},"ISSN":["1054-7460"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1054-7460","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]}}}