{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:31:38Z","timestamp":1776094298040,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Lack of trust in or acceptance of technology are some of the fundamental problems that might prevent the dissemination of automated driving. Technological advances, such as augmented reality aids like full-sized windshield displays or AR contact lenses, could be of help to provide a better system understanding to the user. In this work, we picked up on the question of whether augmented reality assistance has the potential to increase user acceptance and trust by communicating system decisions (i.e., transparent system behavior). To prove our hypothesis, we conducted two driving simulator studies to investigate the benefit of scenario augmentation in fully automated driving\u2014first in normal (N=26) and then in rearward viewing (N=18) direction. Quantitative results indicate that the augmentation of traffic objects\/participants otherwise invisible (e.g., due to dense fog), or the presentation of upcoming driving maneuvers while sitting backwards, is a feasible approach to increase user acceptance and trust. Results are further backed by qualitative findings from semistructured interviews and UX curves (a method to retrospectively report experience over time). We conclude that the application of augmented reality, in particular with the emergence of more powerful, lightweight, or integrated devices, is a good opportunity with high potential for automated driving.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T13:34:42Z","timestamp":1570109682000},"page":"46-62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Fostering User Acceptance and Trust in Fully Automated Vehicles: Evaluating the Potential of Augmented Reality"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Wintersberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA) Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (THI)"},{"name":"Johannes Kepler University Linz"}]},{"given":"Anna-Katharina","family":"Frison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (THI)"},{"name":"Johannes Kepler University Linz"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Riener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (THI)"},{"name":"Johannes Kepler University Linz"}]},{"given":"Tamara von","family":"Sawitzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Automotive Research on Integrated Safety Systems and Measurement Area (CARISSMA) Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (THI)"},{"name":"Johannes Kepler University Linz"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024112015011293600_B1","unstructured":"Ajzen,  I., & Fishbein,  M. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research.Boston: Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B2","unstructured":"Au,  T.-C., Zhang,  S., & Stone,  P. (2015). Autonomous intersection management for semi-autonomous vehicles. In D.Teodorovi\u0107 (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of transportation (pp. 88\u2013104)."},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bansal,  P., & Kockelman,  K. (2017). Forecasting Americans' long-term adoption of connected and autonomous vehicle technologies. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 95, 49\u201363.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2016.10.013"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belanche,  D., Casalo,  L. V., & Carlos,  F. (2012). Integrating trust and personal values into the technology acceptance model: The case of e-government services adoption. Cuadernos de Econiomia y Direccion de la Empresa, 192\u2013204.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cede.2012.04.004"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis,  F. D.\n           (1993). User acceptance of information technology: Systems, characteristics, user perceptions and behavioral impacts. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 38(3) 475\u2013487.","DOI":"10.1006\/imms.1993.1022"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickie,  D. A., & Boyle,  L. N. (2009, October). Drivers' understanding of adaptive cruise control limitations. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 1806\u20131810.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120905302313"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diels,  C., & Bos,  J. E. (2016). Self-driving car sickness. Applied Ergonomics, 53, 374\u2013382.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.09.009"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B8","unstructured":"Ekman,  F., Johansson,  M., & Sochor,  J. L. (2016). Creating appropriate trust for autonomous vehicle systems: A framework for HMI design. Proceedings of the 95th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Available fromhttps:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8125704"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frison,  A. K., Wintersberger,  P., Riener,  A., & Schartm\u00fcller,  C. (2017). Driving Hotzenplotz: A vehicle interface that fosters the joy of driving. 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, pp. 247\u2013248.","DOI":"10.1145\/3131726.3131878"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haeuslschmid,  R., Von Buelow,  M., Pfleging,  B., & Butz,  A. (2017). Supporting trust in autonomous driving. International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, 319\u2013329.","DOI":"10.1145\/3025171.3025198"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helldin,  T., Falkman,  G., Riveiro,  M., & Davidsson,  S. (2013). Presenting system uncertainty in automotive UIs for supporting trust calibration in autonomous driving. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, 210\u2013217.","DOI":"10.1145\/2516540.2516554"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobert,  L., Festag,  A., Llatser,  I., Altomare,  L., Visintainer,  F., & Kovacs,  A. (2015). Enhancements of V2X communication in support of cooperative autonomous driving. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53, 64\u201370.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7355568"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoff,  K. A., & Bashir,  M. (2015). Trust in automation integrating empirical evidence on factors that influence trust. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 407\u2013434.","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814547570"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini,  A., Bacara,  D., & Linkamp,  M. (2014). A system design for automotive augmented reality using stereo night vision. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 217\u2013133.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2014.6856484"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu,  C., Zhau,  G., & Li,  D. (2015). An augmented reality night vision enhancement application for see-through glasses. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo Workshops. doi:10.1109\/ICMEW.2015.7169860","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMEW.2015.7169860"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalantari,  M., & Rauschnabel,  P. (2018). Exploring the early adopters of augmented reality smart glasses: The case of Microsoft HoloLens. In Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality (pp. 229\u2013245). Cham: Springer. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-64027-3_16","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64027-3_16"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamali,  M., Dennis,  L. A., McAree,  O., Fisher,  M., & Veres,  S. M. (2017). Formal verification of autonomous vehicle platooning. In A.Ireland (Ed.), Science of computer programming (pp. 88\u2013106). Amsterdam: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2017.05.006"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy,  R. S., Norman,  E. L., Berbaum,  K. S., & Lilienthal,  M. G. (1993). Simulator sickness questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, S203\u2013S220.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koelle,  M., El Ali,  A., Cobus,  V., Heuten,  W., & Boll,  S. (2017). All about acceptability? Identifying factors for the adoption of data glasses. CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, S295\u2013S300.","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025749"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koo,  J., Kwac,  J., Ju,  W., Steinert,  M., Leifer,  L., & Nass,  C. (2015). Why did my car just do that? Explaining semi-autonomous driving actions to improve driver understanding, trust, and performance. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing, 269\u2013275.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12008-014-0227-2"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B21","unstructured":"Kosinski,  R. J.\n           (2015). A literature review on reaction time.Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.fon.hum.uva.nl\/rob\/Courses\/InformationInSpeech\/CDROM\/Literature\/LOTwinterschool2006\/biae.clemson.edu\/bpc\/bp\/Lab\/110\/reaction.htm"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kujala,  S., Roto,  V., V\u00e4\u00e4n\u00e4nen-Vainio-Mattila,  K., & Sinnel\u00e4,  A. (2011). UX Curve: A method for evaluating long-term user experience. Interacting with Computers, 23(5), 473\u2013483. doi:10.1016\/j.intcom.2011.06.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2011.06.005"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyriakidis,  M., Happee,  R., & de Winter,  J. (2014). Public opinion on automated driving: Results of an international questionnaire among 5,000 respondents. SSRN Electronic Journal, 32, 127\u2013140.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2506579"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee,  J. D., & See,  K. A. (2004). Trust in automation: Designing for appropriate reliance. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society46(1), 50\u201380.","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50.30392"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee,  J., Kim,  N., Imm,  C., Kim,  B., Yi,  K., & Kim,  J. (2016). A question of trust: An ethnographic study of automated cars on real roads. 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, 201\u2013208.","DOI":"10.1145\/3003715.3005405"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee,  S., Changwon,  J., Seokil,  M., Byounghyo,  L., Jaebum,  C., & Byoungho,  L. (2016). See-through light field displays for augmented reality. SIGGRAPH Asia Virtual Reality Meets Physical Reality: Modelling and Simulating Virtual Humans and Environments, 3:1\u20133:2. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/2992138.2992142","DOI":"10.1145\/2992138.2992142"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litman,  T.\n           (2014). Autonomous vehicle implementation predictions.Victora Transport Policy Institute 28.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2012.06.010"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsh,  S., & Dibben,  M. R. (2003). The role of trust in information science and technology. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 465\u2013498.","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.1440370111"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B29","unstructured":"Moeckli,  J., Brown,  T. D., Boyle,  L. N., Schwarz,  C., & Xiong,  H. (2015). Evaluation of adaptive cruise control interface requirements on the National Advanced Driving Simulator.Washington DC: NHTSA Technical Report DOT HS 812 172."},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muir,  B. M.\n           (1987). Trust between humans and machines, and the design of decision aids. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 527\u2013539.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(87)80013-5"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parasuraman,  R., & Riley,  V. (1997). Humans and automation: Use, misuse, disuse, abuse. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 39(2), 230\u2013253.","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543886"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parent,  M.\n           (2007). Advanced urban transport: Automation is on the way. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 22(2), 9\u201311.","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2007.20"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park,  B.-J., Lee,  J.-W., Yoon,  C., & Kyong-Ho,  K. (2015). Augmented reality and representation in vehicle for safe driving at night. International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence, 1261\u20131263.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2015.7354791"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perlin,  K.\n           (2016, May-June). Future reality: How emerging technologies will change language itself. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 84\u201389.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2016.56"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rensink,  R. A., O'Regan,  J. K., & Clark,  J. J. (1997). To see or not to see: The need for attention to perceive changes in scenes. Psychological Science, 8, 368\u2013373.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00427.x"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riener,  A., & Ferscha,  A. (2013). Enhancing future mass ICT with social capabilities. In E.Mitteton-Kelly (Ed.), Co-evolution of intelligent socio-technical systems (pp. 141\u2013184). New York: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36614-7_7"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f6del,  C., Stadler,  S., Meschtscherjakov,  A., & Tscheligi,  M. (2014). Towards autonomous cars: The effect of autonomy levels on acceptance and user experience. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1145\/2667317.2667330"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B38","unstructured":"SAE On-Road Automated Vehicle Standards Committee\n          . (2014). Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to on-road motor vehicle automated driving systems.Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/sae.org\/standards\/content\/j3016_201806\/"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B39","unstructured":"Siegwart,  R., Nourbakhsh,  l. R., & Scaramuzza,  D. (2011). Introduction to autonomous mobile robots.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith,  M., Streeter,  J., Burnett,  G., & Gabbard,  J. L. (2015). Visual search tasks: The effects of head-up displays on driving and task performance. 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, 80\u201387.","DOI":"10.1145\/2799250.2799291"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tangmanee,  K., & Teeravanrunyou,  S. (2012). Effects of guided arrows on head-up display towards the vehicle windshield. Network of Ergonomics Societies Conference, 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/SEANES.2012.6299572"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesh,  V., & Davis,  F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186\u2013204.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.2.186.11926"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesh,  V., Morris,  M., Davis,  G. B., & Davis,  F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 425\u2013478.","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wintersberger,  P., & Riener,  A. (2016). Trust in technology as a safety aspect in highly automated driving. ICom, 15(3), 297\u2013310. doi:10.1515\/icom-2016-0034","DOI":"10.1515\/icom-2016-0034"},{"key":"2024112015011293600_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wintersberger,  P., Frison,  A.-K., & Riener,  A. (2016). Automated driving system, male, or female driver: Who would you prefer? Comparative analysis of passengers' mental conditions, emotional states and qualitative feedback. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, 51\u201358.","DOI":"10.1145\/3003715.3005410"}],"container-title":["PRESENCE: Virtual and Augmented Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/pvar\/article-pdf\/27\/1\/46\/2003540\/pres_a_00320.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/pvar\/article-pdf\/27\/1\/46\/2003540\/pres_a_00320.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T15:03:11Z","timestamp":1732114991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/pvar\/article\/27\/1\/46\/96082\/Fostering-User-Acceptance-and-Trust-in-Fully"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/pres_a_00320","relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1531-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}