{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T21:19:08Z","timestamp":1778275148044,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MIT Press","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The emergence of metaverse signifies the transformation of virtual reality (VR) from an isolated digital experience into a social medium, which facilitates new contexts of information exchange and communication. In fact, VR comprises the first-ever computer-mediated communication paradigm that enables the transfer of a broad range of nonverbal cues, including some unique cues which are not even known from face-to-face social encounters. This highlights the urgency to theoretically and experimentally investigate aspects of nonverbal communication (NVC) in immersive virtual environments (IVEs). We provide a critical outlook on empirical studies aiming at widening the discussion on how presence, as a core social factor, is affected by the perception of nonverbal signals and how NVC may be effectively utilized to facilitate social interactions in immersive environments. Our review proposes a classification of the most fundamental cues and modalities of NVC, which we associate with conceptualizations of presence that are more relevant to interpersonal communication. We also investigate the NVC-related aspects that are essential to construct an \u201cactive\u201d virtual self-concept and highlight associations among NVC-related aspects through forming a complex web of research topics coming from the field of IVEs. We establish that the key research challenge is to go beyond simply studying nonverbal cues and technological settings in isolation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T23:03:27Z","timestamp":1687475007000},"page":"147-187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Nonverbal Communication in Immersive Virtual Reality through the Lens of Presence: A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Xenakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Product and Systems Design Engineering University of the Aegean Ermoupoli, Syros, Greece"}]},{"given":"Damianos","family":"Gavalas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Product and Systems Design Engineering University of the Aegean Ermoupoli, Syros, Greece"}]},{"given":"Vlasios","family":"Kasapakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cultural Technology & Communication University of the Aegean Greece"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Dzardanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Product and Systems Design Engineering University of the Aegean Ermoupoli, Syros, Greece"}]},{"given":"Spyros","family":"Vosinakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Product and Systems Design Engineering University of the Aegean Ermoupoli, Syros, Greece"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023101015521627000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1145\/2993148.2993171","article-title":"Reach out and touch me: Effects of four distinct haptic technologies on affective touch in virtual reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137283023_8","article-title":"The immersive hand: Non-verbal communication in virtual environments","volume-title":"The Immersive Internet: Reflections on the Entangling of the Virtual with Society, Politics and the Economy","author":"Antonijevi\u0107","year":"2013"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023101015521627000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/vis.297","article-title":"Gaze and task performance in shared virtual environments","volume":"13","author":"Bailenson","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023101015521627000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2005.tb00881.x","article-title":"Transformed social interaction, augmented gaze, and social influence in immersive virtual environments","volume":"31","author":"Bailenson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Communication Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023101015521627000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203029007002","article-title":"Interpersonal distance in immersive virtual environments","volume":"29","author":"Bailenson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B6","article-title":"Comparing behavioral and self-report measures of embodied agents\u2019 social presence in immersive virtual environments","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Workshop on Presence","author":"Bailenson","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023101015521627000_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1162\/105474605774785235","article-title":"The independent and interactive effects of embodied-agent appearance and behavior on self-report, cognitive, and behavioral markers of copresence in immersive virtual environments","volume":"14","author":"Bailenson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023101015521627000_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2005.01619.x","article-title":"Digital chameleons: Automatic assimilation of nonverbal gestures in immersive virtual environments","volume":"16","author":"Bailenson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3359251","article-title":"Interrogating social virtual reality as a communication medium for older adults","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3(CSCW)","author":"Baker","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023101015521627000_B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.734","article-title":"Immersion and emotion: Their impact on the sense of presence","volume":"7","author":"Ba\u00f1os","year":"2004","journal-title":"CyberPsychology & Behavior"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B11","article-title":"Non-zero-sum gaze in immersive virtual environments","volume-title":"Proceedings of HCI International","author":"Beall","year":"2003"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511977589.010","article-title":"Virtual gestures: Embodiment and nonverbal behavior in computer-mediated communication","volume-title":"Face-to-Face Communication over the Internet: Emotions in a Web of Culture, Language, and Technology","author":"Bente","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B13","first-page":"131","article-title":"Is there anybody out there? Analyzing the effects of embodiment and nonverbal behavior in avatar-mediated communication","volume-title":"Mediated Interpersonal Communication","author":"Bente","year":"2008","edition":"1st edition"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1145\/3027063.3053207","article-title":"Emotional beasts: Visually expressing emotions through avatars in VR","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Bernal","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023101015521627000_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00810.x","article-title":"Communication within virtual reality: Creating a space for research","volume":"42","author":"Biocca","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023101015521627000_B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1162\/105474603322761270","article-title":"Toward a more robust theory and measure of social presence: Review and suggested criteria","volume":"12","author":"Biocca","year":"2003","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3383652.3423888","article-title":"The impact of a virtual agent's non-verbal emotional expression on a user's personal space preferences","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents","author":"B\u00f6nsch","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2018.8446480","article-title":"Social VR: How personal space is affected by virtual agents\u2019 emotions","volume-title":"IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces","author":"B\u00f6nsch","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316286302.007","article-title":"Coding nonverbal behavior","volume-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Group Interaction Analysis","author":"Burgoon","year":"2018","edition":"1st ed."},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B20","volume-title":"Nonverbal Communication","author":"Burgoon","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023101015521627000_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.11.021","article-title":"Does the uncanny valley exist? An empirical test of the relationship between eeriness and the human likeness of digitally created faces","volume":"29","author":"Burleigh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00226","article-title":"Perception of head motion effect on emotional facial expression in virtual reality","volume-title":"IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops","author":"Cao","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023101015521627000_B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmz018","article-title":"CMC is dead, long live CMC!: Situating computer-mediated communication scholarship beyond the digital age","volume":"25","author":"Carr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198529613.003.0002","article-title":"Measuring facial action","volume-title":"The New Handbook of Methods in Nonverbal Behavior Research","author":"Cohn","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023101015521627000_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2015.1015740","article-title":"How immersive is enough? A meta-analysis of the effect of immersive technology on user presence","volume":"19","author":"Cummings","year":"2016","journal-title":"Media Psychology"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B26","first-page":"73","article-title":"The role of nonverbal behavior in leadership: An integrative review","volume-title":"Leader Interpersonal and Influence Skills: The Soft Skills of Leadership","author":"Darioly","year":"2014"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW55335.2022.00019","article-title":"Asymmetric normalization in social virtual reality studies","volume-title":"IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops","author":"Deuchler","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4045","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3026028","article-title":"Effects of sharing physiological states of players in a collaborative virtual reality gameplay","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Dey","year":"2017"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023101015521627000_B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25759","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025759","article-title":"Talk to the virtual hands: Self-animated avatars improve communication in head-mounted display virtual environments","volume":"6","author":"Dodds","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023101015521627000_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-021-00564-9","article-title":"Virtual reality as a communication medium: A comparative study of forced compliance in virtual reality versus physical world","volume":"26","author":"Dzardanova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315542317","volume-title":"Successful Nonverbal Communication","author":"Eaves","year":"2017","edition":"5th ed."},{"issue":"3","key":"2023101015521627000_B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-009-9599-3","article-title":"Virtual virgins and vamps: The effects of exposure to female characters\u2019 sexualized appearance and gaze in an immersive virtual environment","volume":"61","author":"Fox","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023101015521627000_B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.12.027","article-title":"The embodiment of sexualized virtual selves: The Proteus effect and experiences of self-objectification via avatars","volume":"29","author":"Fox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3562939.3565636","article-title":"Investigating the perceived realism of the other user's look-alike avatars","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology","author":"Frampton-Clerk","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B35","volume-title":"APA Handbook of Nonverbal Communication","author":"Frank","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1145\/3452918.3458805","article-title":"Hugging from a distance: Building interpersonal relationships in social virtual reality","volume-title":"ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences","author":"Freeman","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239:1-239:27","DOI":"10.1145\/3432938","article-title":"Body, avatar, and me: The presentation and perception of self in social virtual reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 4(CSCW3)","author":"Freeman","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3502082","article-title":"Re)discovering the physical body online: Strategies and challenges to approach non-cisgender identity in social virtual reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Freeman","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3334480.3382923","article-title":"My body, my avatar: How people perceive their avatars in social virtual reality","volume-title":"Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Freeman","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-020-01431-1","article-title":"Point-cloud avatars to improve spatial communication in immersive collaborative virtual environments","volume":"25","author":"Gamelin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personal and Ubiquitous Computing"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1145\/642611.642703","article-title":"The impact of avatar realism and eye gaze control on perceived quality of communication in a shared immersive virtual environment","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Garau","year":"2003"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3180308.3180355","article-title":"Trusting strangers in immersive virtual reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces Companion","author":"George","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023101015521627000_B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143802","article-title":"Gesture's role in speaking, learning, and creating language","volume":"64","author":"Goldin-Meadow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60633-0_7","article-title":"Investigating social presence and communication with embodied avatars in room-scale virtual reality","volume-title":"Immersive Learning Research Network","author":"Greenwald","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3119881.3119890","article-title":"Subtle gaze guidance for immersive environments","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception","author":"Grogorick","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023101015521627000_B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/cpsp.12298","article-title":"Empathy in computer-mediated interactions: A conceptual framework for research and clinical practice","volume":"26","author":"Grondin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023101015521627000_B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.85.4.845","article-title":"Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues","volume":"85","author":"Hall","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B48","first-page":"87","article-title":"Who draws accurate first impressions? Personal correlates of sensitivity to nonverbal cues","volume-title":"First Impressions","author":"Hall","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023101015521627000_B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-103145","article-title":"Nonverbal communication","volume":"70","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110238150","volume-title":"Nonverbal Communication","author":"Hall","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198529613.003.0004","article-title":"Proxemics, kinesics, and gaze","volume-title":"The New Handbook of Methods in Nonverbal Behavior Research","author":"Harrigan","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376719","article-title":"A human touch: Social touch increases the perceived human-likeness of agents in virtual reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Hoppe","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct51615.2020.00023","article-title":"Comparing methods for mapping facial expressions to enhance immersive collaboration with signs of emotion","volume-title":"IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct","author":"Hube","year":"2020"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023101015521627000_B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111511","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111511","article-title":"Body space in social interactions: A comparison of reaching and comfort distance in immersive virtual reality","volume":"9","author":"Iachini","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B55","first-page":"3","article-title":"Being there: The experience of presence in mediated environments","volume-title":"Being There: Concepts, Effects and Measurements of User Presence in Synthetic Environments","author":"IJsselsteijn","year":"2003"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-020-00333-3","article-title":"The measurement of eye contact in human interactions: A scoping review","author":"Jongerius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Nonverbal Behavior"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B57","article-title":"The validity of presence as a reliable human performance metric in immersive environments","volume-title":"3rd International Workshop on Presence","author":"Kalawsky","year":"2000"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90739-6_10","article-title":"Social virtual reality: Implementing non-verbal cues in remote synchronous communication","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality","author":"Kasapakis","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1145\/3534086.3534337","article-title":"Exploring non-verbal cues and user attention in IVR with eye tracking technologies","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Workshop on Immersive Mixed and Virtual Environment Systems","author":"Kasapakis","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B60","volume-title":"Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction","author":"Knapp","year":"2013","edition":"(8th ed.)"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1145\/3410404.3414261","article-title":"Flexing muscles in virtual reality: Effects of avatars\u2019 muscular appearance on physical performance","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play","author":"Kocur","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B62","first-page":"150","article-title":"Nonverbal communication","volume-title":"Human Behavior in Military Contexts","author":"Kr\u00e4mer","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023101015521627000_B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1635183","article-title":"TTYL :-) . . . Nonverbal cues and perceptions of personality and homophily in synchronous mediated communication","volume":"24","author":"Krishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Information, Communication & Society"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110238150.539","article-title":"Behavioral mimicry and interpersonal synchrony","volume-title":"Nonverbal Communication","author":"Lakin","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3139131.3139156","article-title":"The effect of avatar realism in immersive social virtual realities","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology","author":"Latoschik","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517451","article-title":"Understanding and designing avatar biosignal visualizations for social virtual reality entertainment","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Lee","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023101015521627000_B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x","article-title":"At the heart of it all: The concept of presence","volume":"3","author":"Lombard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2018.8446229","article-title":"Any \u201cbody\u201d there? Avatar visibility effects in a virtual reality game","volume-title":"IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces","author":"Lugrin","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3415246","article-title":"\u201cTalking without a voice\u201d: Understanding non-verbal communication in social virtual reality","volume":"4","author":"Maloney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376340","article-title":"Improving humans\u2019 ability to interpret deictic gestures in virtual reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Mayer","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023101015521627000_B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2012.2192811","article-title":"The uncanny valley [from the field]","volume":"19","author":"Mori","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Robotics Automation Magazine"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/DS-RT.2006.13","article-title":"Comparison of head gaze and head and eye gaze within an immersive environment","volume-title":"Tenth IEEE International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real-Time Applications","author":"Murray","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023101015521627000_B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2011.0277","article-title":"Comparing online and offline self-disclosure: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B74","first-page":"686","article-title":"Defining and differentiating copresence, social presence and presence as transportation","volume-title":"4th Annual International Workshop, A Comparison of Four New Communication Technologies, Proceedings of HCI International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Nowak","year":"2001"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.12840\/issn.2255-4165.2018.06.01.015","article-title":"Avatars and computer-mediated communication: A review of the definitions, uses, and effects of digital representations","volume":"6","author":"Nowak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Review of Communication Research"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2019.00104","article-title":"How foot tracking matters: The impact of an animated self-avatar on interaction, embodiment and presence in shared virtual environments","volume":"6","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173620","article-title":"Mini-Me: An adaptive avatar for mixed reality remote collaboration","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Piumsomboon","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1145\/2994258.2994280","article-title":"Perceiving attitudes expressed through nonverbal behaviors in immersive virtual environments","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Motion in Games","author":"Ravenet","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1037\/14669-009","article-title":"Appearance and physiognomy","volume-title":"APA Handbook of Nonverbal Communication","author":"Re","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B81","first-page":"97","article-title":"Enacting interactivity: The role of presence","volume-title":"Enacting Intersubjectivity: A Cognitive and Social Perspective on the Study of Interactions","author":"Riva","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3485279.3485309","article-title":"Altering non-verbal cues to implicitly direct attention in social VR","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction","author":"Rivu","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2009.4811013","article-title":"Communicating eye-gaze across a distance: Comparing an eye-gaze enabled immersive collaborative virtual environment, aligned video conferencing, and being together","volume-title":"IEEE Virtual Reality Conference","author":"Roberts","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.750729","article-title":"Realistic motion avatars are the future for social interaction in virtual reality","volume":"2","author":"Rogers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3359996.3364269","article-title":"Technologies for social augmentations in user-embodied virtual reality","volume-title":"25th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology","author":"Roth","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023101015521627000_B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1651","article-title":"From presence to consciousness through virtual reality","volume":"6","author":"Sanchez-Vives","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1145\/3116595.3116596","article-title":"Where's pinky?\u201d: The effects of a reduced number of fingers in virtual reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play","author":"Schwind","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1145\/3242671.3242675","article-title":"Up to the finger tip: The effect of avatars on mid-air pointing accuracy in virtual reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play","author":"Schwind","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1145\/3116595.3116619","article-title":"Here's looking at you anyway! How important is realistic gaze behavior in co-located social virtual reality games?","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play","author":"Seele","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376794","article-title":"Body follows eye: Unobtrusive posture manipulation through a dynamic content position in virtual reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Shin","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023101015521627000_B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4:1\u20134:40","DOI":"10.1145\/3361218","article-title":"Eye, head and torso coordination during gaze shifts in virtual reality","volume":"27","author":"Sidenmark","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0277-9_9","article-title":"Meeting people virtually: Experiments in shared virtual environments","volume-title":"The Social Life of Avatars: Presence and Interaction in Shared Virtual Environments","author":"Slater","year":"2002"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B93","first-page":"125","article-title":"Body centred interaction in immersive virtual environments","volume-title":"Artificial Life and Virtual Reality","author":"Slater","year":"1994"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023101015521627000_B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.6.603","article-title":"A framework for immersive virtual environments (FIVE): Speculations on the role of presence in virtual environments","volume":"6","author":"Slater","year":"1997","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173863","article-title":"Communication behavior in embodied virtual reality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Smith","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3317959.3321489","article-title":"Eye gaze and head gaze in collaborative games","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications","author":"\u0160pakov","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2009.4811003","article-title":"Eye tracking for avatar eye gaze control during object-focused multiparty interaction in immersive collaborative virtual environments","volume-title":"IEEE Virtual Reality Conference","author":"Steptoe","year":"2009"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023101015521627000_B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0221803","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221803","article-title":"Nonverbal synchrony in virtual reality","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B99","volume-title":"Nonverbal Communication in Virtual Worlds: Understanding and Designing Expressive Characters","author":"Tanenbaum","year":"2014"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21765-4","article-title":"Synchrony and social connection in immersive virtual reality","volume":"8","author":"Tarr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023101015521627000_B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-022-00563-x","article-title":"Microexpressions in digital humans: Perceived affect, sincerity, and trustworthiness","volume":"32","author":"Tastemirova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3343036.3343134","article-title":"The influence of visual perspective on body size estimation in immersive virtual reality","volume-title":"ACM Symposium on Applied Perception","author":"Thaler","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2022.057","article-title":"How to get things done in social virtual reality\u2014A study of team cohesion in social virtual reality--enabled teams","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 55th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","author":"Torro","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1145\/1128923.1128961","article-title":"The role of posture in the communication of affect in an immersive virtual environment","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2006 ACM International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications","author":"Vinayagamoorthy","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023101015521627000_B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2008.62","article-title":"The impact of a character posture model on the communication of affect in an immersive virtual environment","volume":"14","author":"Vinayagamoorthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1109\/VR46266.2020.00049","article-title":"Effects of interacting with a crowd of emotional virtual humans on users\u2019 affective and non-verbal behaviors","volume-title":"IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces","author":"Volonte","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023101015521627000_B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2794629","article-title":"The impact of avatar personalization and immersion on virtual body ownership, presence, and emotional response","volume":"24","author":"Waltemate","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B108","first-page":"443","article-title":"Theories of computer-mediated communication and interpersonal relations","volume-title":"The Handbook of Interpersonal Communication","author":"Walther","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023101015521627000_B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X20967703","article-title":"Language, psychology, and new new media: The hyperpersonal model of mediated communication at twenty-five years","volume":"40","author":"Walther","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Language and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023101015521627000_B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1037\/h0032710","article-title":"Nonverbal behavior and nonverbal communication","volume":"79","author":"Wiener","year":"1972","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023101015521627000_B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260701283079","article-title":"A process model of the formation of spatial presence experiences","volume":"9","author":"Wirth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Media Psychology"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3359996.3364267","article-title":"Exploring the use of a robust depth-sensor-based avatar control system and its effects on communication behaviors","volume-title":"25th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology","author":"Wu","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023101015521627000_B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmz023","article-title":"Explicating cues: A typology for understanding emerging media technologies","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3419249.3420112","article-title":"A design space for social presence in VR","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society","author":"Yassien","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023101015521627000_B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2007.00299.x","article-title":"The Proteus effect: The effect of transformed self-representation on behavior","volume":"33","author":"Yee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Communication Research"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B116","article-title":"Walk a mile in digital shoes: The impact of embodied perspective-taking on the reduction of negative stereotyping in immersive virtual environments","volume-title":"Proceedings of PRESENCE 2006: The 9th Annual International Workshop on Presence","author":"Yee","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023101015521627000_B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650208330254","article-title":"The Proteus effect: Implications of transformed digital self-representation on online and offline behavior","volume":"36","author":"Yee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Communication Research"},{"key":"2023101015521627000_B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1145\/2804408.2804410","article-title":"Dyadic interactions with avatars in immersive virtual environments: High fiving","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Applied Perception","author":"Young","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023101015521627000_B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2794638","article-title":"The effect of realistic appearance of virtual characters in immersive environments\u2014Does the character's personality play a role?","volume":"24","author":"Zibrek","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023101015521627000_B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14:1\u201314:15","DOI":"10.1145\/3419985","article-title":"The effect of gender and attractiveness of motion on proximity in virtual reality","volume":"17","author":"Zibrek","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception"}],"container-title":["PRESENCE: Virtual and Augmented Reality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/pvar\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/pres_a_00387\/2162418\/pres_a_00387.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/pvar\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1162\/pres_a_00387\/2162418\/pres_a_00387.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T14:38:24Z","timestamp":1702651104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/pvar\/article\/doi\/10.1162\/pres_a_00387\/116490\/Nonverbal-Communication-in-Immersive-Virtual"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":120,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/pres_a_00387","relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1531-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}