{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T23:39:02Z","timestamp":1775259542643,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MIT Press","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychophysiological indicators have garnered significant interest in the assessment of presence. However, despite this interest, the nature of the relationship between psychophysiological indicators and presence factors remains undetermined. Presence, the perceived realness of a mediated or virtual experience, is modulated by two factors: immersion and coherence. Immersion represents the extent and precision of the simulated sensory modalities, while coherence refers to the environment's ability to behave as expected by the user. To study the relationship between psychophysiological indicators and presence factors, we objectively manipulated immersion by altering three visual qualities. The visual qualities were set to values above, at, or below their functional threshold. These thresholds are defined as a perceptual boundary under which a sensory quality value should be considered functionally degraded. Sixty participants performed a driving task in a virtual environment under the aforementioned conditions, while we measured their cardiovascular and eye responses. We found that degraded immersion conditions yielded significantly different psychophysiological indicator results than the condition without degradation. However, we observed an effect of immersion degradation on our measured variables only when the visual conditions were set below the functional threshold. Manipulations of immersion below the functional threshold introduced unreasonable circumstances which modified our participants' behavior. Thus, our findings suggest a direct impact of immersion on coherence and highlight the sensitivity of psychophysiological indicators to the coherence of a virtual environment. These results have theoretical implications, as a presence concepts relationship model should include the direct impact of immersion on coherence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T18:48:32Z","timestamp":1689014912000},"page":"233-262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Relationship between Immersion and Psychophysiological Indicators"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Maxence","family":"H\u00e9bert-Lavoie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de math\u00e9matiques et g\u00e9nie industriel Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Ozell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de g\u00e9nie informatique et g\u00e9nie logiciel Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Doyon-Poulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de math\u00e9matiques et g\u00e9nie industriel Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2023092519403742400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace7090137","article-title":"Aircraft pilots workload analysis: Heart rate variability objective measures and NASA-task load index subjective evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Alaimo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerospace"},{"key":"2023092519403742400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2019.05.006","article-title":"The assessment of visual function and functional vision","volume":"31","author":"Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Seminars in Pediatric Neurology"},{"key":"2023092519403742400_B3","first-page":"183","article-title":"Cardiovascular psychophysiology","volume-title":"Handbook of psychophysiology","author":"Berntson","year":"2017","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"2023092519403742400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3384\/diss.diva-168378","volume-title":"Driving in virtual reality: Requirements for automotive research and development","author":"Blissing","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023092519403742400_B5","article-title":"Age-related factors affecting the perception of essential information during risky driving situations","author":"Bolstad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Human Performance, Situation Awareness, and Automation Conference."},{"issue":"4","key":"2023092519403742400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-022-00645-3","article-title":"Leading presence-based strategies to manipulate user experience in virtual reality environments","volume":"26","author":"Caldas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023092519403742400_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwab010","article-title":"Predicting cybersickness based on user's gaze behaviors in HMD-based virtual reality","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"2023092519403742400_B8","article-title":"Towards predictive virtual prototyping: Color calibration of consumer VR HMDs","author":"Clausen","year":"2019","journal-title":"16th GI AR\/VR Workshop."},{"issue":"2","key":"2023092519403742400_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2015.1015740","article-title":"How immersive is enough? 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