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Toward this end, we first survey research on the shortcomings of video conferencing systems, as defined before and after the pandemic. We then consider the methods that research uses to evaluate support for communicative behavior, and argue that those same methods should be employed in identifying, improving, and validating promising video conferencing technologies. Next, we survey emerging XR solutions to video conferencing's limitations, most of which do not employ head-mounted displays. We conclude by identifying several opportunities for video conferencing research in a post-pandemic, hybrid working environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T19:44:28Z","timestamp":1693424668000},"page":"283-305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Shortcomings of Video Conferencing Technology, Methods for Revealing Them, and Emerging XR Solutions"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Dani Paul","family":"Hove","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Experience Lab North Carolina State University Department of Computer Science School of Engineering Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Experience Lab North Carolina State University Department of Computer Science School of Engineering Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023121220575370000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00420.x","article-title":"Defining and measuring fatigue","volume":"31","author":"Aaronson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Scholarship"},{"key":"2023121220575370000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3067784","article-title":"Event-based near-eye gaze tracking beyond 10,000 Hz","volume":"27","author":"Angelopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"2023121220575370000_B3","article-title":"Why Zoom meetings can exhaust us","author":"Bailenson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"},{"key":"2023121220575370000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tmb0000030","article-title":"Nonverbal overload: A theoretical argument for the causes of Zoom fatigue","volume":"2","author":"Bailenson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technology, Mind, and Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023121220575370000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00395-9","article-title":"Negative effects of network latencies in immersive collaborative virtual environments","volume":"24","author":"Becher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"2023121220575370000_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000906","article-title":"Videoconference fatigue? 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