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Employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), this research analyzes responses from 160 users of various game-based metaverses. Findings reveal that perceived enjoyment significantly enhances the flow experience, a key contributor to user satisfaction and the intention to continue using the platform. Contrary to common belief, rewards showed a minimal impact on the flow experience. Additionally, spontaneity emerged as an important factor in facilitating flow. These results underscore the importance of focusing on intrinsic factors like enjoyment and spontaneity over extrinsic rewards to foster user engagement. The study suggests user-centric design principles that prioritize immersive experiences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/pres_a_00448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T19:01:22Z","timestamp":1742324482000},"page":"219-241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Key Drivers of User Engagement in Game-Based Metaverses: Enjoyment, Escapism, Reward, and Spontaneity"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7442-4736","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyeon","family":"Jo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters, HJ Institute of Technology and Management, 31 Gangnam-daero 92-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06134 Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Jae Kwang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration, Tech University of Korea, 237 Sangidaehak-Ro, Siheung-Si Gyeonggi-Do, 429-793, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025062711355842000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00158","article-title":"Investigating the \u201cflow\u201d experience: Key conceptual and operational issues [conceptual analysis]","volume":"11","author":"Abuhamdeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2025062711355842000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-4641-9_13","article-title":"Gamification in metaverse","author":"Afacan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metaverse"},{"key":"2025062711355842000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2018.06.007","article-title":"Examining adoption of mobile internet in Saudi Arabia: Extending TAM with perceived enjoyment, innovativeness and trust","volume":"55","author":"Alalwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technology in Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025062711355842000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-018-9730-6","article-title":"Digital game elements, user experience and learning: A conceptual framework","volume":"23","author":"Alexiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"2025062711355842000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdmm.2020.100492","article-title":"Virtual travel experience and destination marketing: Effects of sense and information quality on flow and visit intention","volume":"19","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Destination Marketing & Management"},{"key":"2025062711355842000_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.791254","article-title":"Game addiction scale for adolescents\u2014Psychometric analyses of gaming behavior, gender differences and ADHD [original research]","volume":"13","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062711355842000_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-018-9868-1","article-title":"Factors influencing adoption of mobile social network games (M-SNGs): The role of awareness","volume":"22","author":"Baabdullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information Systems Frontiers"},{"key":"2025062711355842000_B8","volume-title":"The practice of social research","author":"Babbie","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025062711355842000_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.12.053","article-title":"Exploring how individual traits influence enjoyment in a mobile learning game","volume":"69","author":"Baek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025062711355842000_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2017.1305360","article-title":"Do gaming motives mediate between psychiatric symptoms and problematic gaming? 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