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Using this framework, we counter the claim that the use of bibliometric indicators in research assessment is pervasive in all advanced economies. Rather, our comparison between the Netherlands and Italy reveals major differences in the national design of bibliometric research assessment: The Netherlands follows a model of bibliometric professionalism, whereas Italy follows a centralized bureaucratic model that co-opts academic elites. We conclude that applying the sociology of professions framework to a broader set of countries would be worthwhile, allowing the emerging bibliometric profession to be charted in a comprehensive, and preferably quantitative, fashion. We also briefly discuss other sociological middle-range concepts that could potentially guide empirical analyses in quantitative science studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T11:36:45Z","timestamp":1593430605000},"page":"983-992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Quantitative science studies should be framed with middle-range theories and concepts from the social sciences"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4611-4591","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Heinze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sociology, University of Wuppertal, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3313-4729","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arlette","family":"Jappe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Science and Technology Studies (IZWT), University of Wuppertal, Germany"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/reseval\/rvv003","volume":"24","author":"Aagaard K.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Research Evaluation"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226189666.001.0001","volume-title":"The system of professions. 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