{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T03:42:47Z","timestamp":1747194167806,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.mitpressjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Quantitative Science Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> National research diversity is explored through the balance of global and national papers in journal categories in the Web of Science (WoS) and Essential Science Indicators (ESI) and we examine the consequences of \u201cnormalizing\u201d national publication counts against global baselines. Global balance across subject categories became more even as annual WoS indexing grew fourfold between 1981 and 2018, with a relative shift from biomedicine towards environment and technology. Change at the country level may have tracked this or been influenced by local policy and funding. We discuss choice of methods and indices for analysis: WoS categories provide better granularity than ESI; Lorenz curves are explored but found limiting; the Pratt index, Gini coefficient, and Shannon diversity are compared. At the national level, balance generally increases and is greatest in non-Anglophone countries, perhaps due to shifts in language and journal use. Two aspects of national change are revealed: the balance of actual WoS paper counts and the balance of counts normalized against world baseline. The broad patterns for these analyses are similar, but normalized data indicate relatively greater evenness. National patterns link to research capacity and regional networking opportunities, while international collaboration may blend national differences. A data set is provided for analytical use. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T20:51:24Z","timestamp":1592254284000},"page":"1182-1202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Longitudinal variation in national research publication portfolios: Steps required to index balance and evenness"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0325-4431","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Policy Institute, King\u2019s College London, 22 Kingsway, London WC2B 6LE, UK"},{"name":"Institute for Scientific Information, Clarivate Analytics, 160 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8EZ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9971-2731","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gordon","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Information, Clarivate Analytics, 160 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8EZ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9796-4505","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Warren","family":"Smart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tertiary Sector Performance Analysis Group, Ministry of Education, 33 Bowen St., Wellington 6140, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-3527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Szomszor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Information, Clarivate Analytics, 160 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8EZ, UK"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1126\/science.296.5569.805","volume":"296","author":"Adams J.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"volume-title":"The use of bibliometrics to measure research quality in UK higher education institutions","year":"2007","author":"Adams J.","key":"bib2"},{"volume-title":"Strategic review of the performance-based research fund: The assessment process","year":"2008","author":"Adams J.","key":"bib3"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/490335a","volume":"490","author":"Adams J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/497557a","volume":"497","author":"Adams J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"volume-title":"The role of selectivity and the characteristics of excellence","year":"2000","author":"Adams J.","key":"bib6"},{"volume-title":"The future of the UK university research base","year":"2010","author":"Adams J.","key":"bib7"},{"volume-title":"The Annual G20 Scorecard\u2014Research Performance 2019","year":"2019","author":"Adams J.","key":"bib8"},{"volume-title":"The new geography of science: UK research and international collaboration","year":"2006","author":"Adams J.","key":"bib9"},{"issue":"2","key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2307\/1924594","volume":"61","author":"Balassa B.","year":"1979","journal-title":"The Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02464782","volume":"46","author":"Bookstein A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"volume-title":"China\u2019s absorptive state: Research innovation and the prospects for China-UK collaboration","year":"2013","author":"Bound K.","key":"bib12"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630300210","volume":"30","author":"Carpenter M. 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