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Indicators of four core concepts (R&amp;D, IP protection, collaboration, and external financing) of the innovation process were built using keywords frequency analysis. These web-based indicators were validated using several indicators built from a classic questionnaire-based survey with the following methods: correlation analysis, multitraits multimethods (MTMM) matrices, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results suggest that formative indices built with the questionnaire and web-based indicators measure the same concept, which is not the case when considering the items from the questionnaire separately. Web-based indicators can act either as complements to direct measures or as substitutes for broader measures, notably the importance of R&amp;D and the importance of IP protection, which are normally measured using conventional methods, such as government administrative data or questionnaire-based surveys.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T13:00:08Z","timestamp":1599570008000},"page":"1601-1637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Using web content analysis to create innovation indicators\u2014What do we really measure?"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9159-1496","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mika\u00ebl","family":"H\u00e9roux-Vaillancourt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Canada Research Chair on the Creation, Development and Commercialization of Innovation, Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al, P.O. 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