{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T19:23:03Z","timestamp":1771010583891,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":66,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y9290002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y9290002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE190100994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE190100994"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of the United\n                                States","award":["1759960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1759960"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Uncovering the driving forces, strategic landscapes, and evolutionary mechanisms of China\u2019s research systems is attracting rising interest around the globe. One topic of interest is to understand the problem-solving patterns in China\u2019s research systems now and in the future. Targeting a set of high-quality research articles published by Chinese researchers between 2009 and 2018, and indexed in the Essential Science Indicators database, we developed an intelligent bibliometrics-based methodology for identifying the problem-solving patterns from scientific documents. Specifically, science overlay maps incorporating link prediction were used to profile China\u2019s disciplinary interactions and predict potential cross-disciplinary innovation at a macro level. We proposed a function incorporating word embedding techniques to represent subjects, actions, and objects (SAO) retrieved from combined titles and abstracts into vectors and constructed a tri-layer SAO network to visualize SAOs and their semantic relationships. Then, at a micro level, we developed network analytics for identifying problems and solutions from the SAO network, and recommending potential solutions for existing problems. Empirical insights derived from this study provide clues to understand China\u2019s research strengths and the science policies underlying them, along with the key research problems and solutions that Chinese researchers are focusing on now and might pursue in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T14:03:23Z","timestamp":1611237803000},"page":"409-432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Profiling and predicting the problem-solving patterns in\n                    China\u2019s research systems: A methodology of intelligent bibliometrics and\n                    empirical insights"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7731-0301","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3956-7808","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mengjia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5699-9891","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhengyin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Library and Information Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6876-8620","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Science, Technology & Innovation Policy (STIP), Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3329-8977","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Library and Information Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4520-6518","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alan","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Science, Technology & Innovation Policy (STIP), Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"},{"name":"Search Technology, Inc., USA"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0933-2","volume-title":"Topic detection and tracking: Event-based\n                        information organization","author":"Allan","year":"2002"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib2","first-page":"344","article-title":"Leveraging linguistic structure for open domain information\n                        extraction","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting\n                        of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International\n                        Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long\n                        Papers)","author":"Angeli","year":"2015"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021041320051600300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39464","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039464","article-title":"Design and update of a classification system: The UCSD map of\n                        science","volume":"7","author":"B\u00f6rner","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041320051600300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18029","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018029","article-title":"Clustering more than two million\n                        biomedical publications: Comparing the accuracies of nine text-based\n                        similarity approaches","volume":"6","author":"Boyack","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041320051600300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2017.11.005","article-title":"Characterizing in-text citations in\n                        scientific articles: A large-scale analysis","volume":"12","author":"Boyack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal\n                        of Informetrics"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1145\/1835804.1835848","article-title":"Unsupervised feature selection for\n                        multi-cluster data","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th ACM\n                        SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data\n                        Mining","author":"Cai","year":"2010"},{"issue":"6329","key":"2021041320051600300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal2515","article-title":"Challenges of S&T system reform in\n                        China","volume":"355","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041320051600300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20317","article-title":"CiteSpace II: Detecting and visualizing\n                        emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific\n                        literature","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for\n                        Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021041320051600300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223994","article-title":"Visualizing a field of research: A\n                        methodology of systematic scientometric reviews","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041320051600300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-007-1859-9","article-title":"Hirsch-index for countries based on\n                        Essential Science Indicators data","volume":"73","author":"Csajb\u00f3k","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2015.12.014","article-title":"Evidence for possible role of melatonin\n                        in reducing oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis through its effect on\n                        SIRT1 and antioxidant enzymes","volume":"145","author":"Emamgholipour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life\n                        Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041320051600300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(78)90021-7","article-title":"Centrality in social networks conceptual\n                        clarification","volume":"1","author":"Freeman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041320051600300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-011-0416-8","article-title":"Characteristics of research in China\n                        assessed with Essential Science Indicators","volume":"88","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021041320051600300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2005.03.021","article-title":"Combining full text and bibliometric\n                        information in mapping scientific disciplines","volume":"41","author":"Glenisson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"issue":"15_suppl","key":"2021041320051600300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4586","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.4586","article-title":"Efficacy results of cetuximab plus\n                        gemcitabine-oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in patients with advanced or metastatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma: A single centre phase II study","volume":"26","author":"Gruenberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021041320051600300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-018-2718-6","article-title":"Identifying problems and solutions in\n                        scientific text","volume":"116","author":"Heffernan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96133-0_29","article-title":"A method of biomedical knowledge\n                        discovery by literature mining based on SPO predications: A case study of\n                        induced pluripotent stem cells","author":"Hu","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detecting hotspots in interdisciplinary\n                        research based on overlapping community detection","volume-title":"2018 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering\n                        and Technology (PICMET)","author":"Huang","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2012.09.010","article-title":"Four dimensional science and technology planning: A new\n                        approach based on bibliometrics and technology roadmapping","volume":"81","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021041320051600300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0154509","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154509","article-title":"How does national scientific funding\n                        support emerging interdisciplinary research: A comparison study of big data\n                        research in the US and China","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041320051600300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-486","article-title":"Constructing a semantic predication gold standard from the\n                        biomedical literature","volume":"12","author":"Kilicoglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041320051600300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-013-1179-1","article-title":"Measuring the knowledge-based economy of\n                        China in terms of synergy among technological, organizational, and\n                        geographic attributes of firms","volume":"98","author":"Leydesdorff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2017.09.032","article-title":"Insights into relationships between\n                        disruptive technology\/innovation and emerging technology: A bibliometric\n                        perspective","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social\n                        Change"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2014.05.007","article-title":"Integrating bibliometrics and\n                        roadmapping methods: A case of dye-sensitized solar cell technology-based\n                        industry in China","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and\n                        Social Change"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib24","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Unsupervised feature selection using\n                        nonnegative spectral analysis","volume-title":"Twenty-Sixth AAAI\n                        Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Li","year":"2012"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2018.11.005","article-title":"Bibliometric analysis for highly cited\n                        papers in operations research and management science from 2008 to 2017 based\n                        on essential science indicators","volume":"88","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Omega"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041320051600300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/09537325.2013.850155","article-title":"A technology opportunities analysis\n                        model: Applied to dye-sensitised solar cells for China","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Technology Analysis & Strategic Management"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib27","first-page":"3111","article-title":"Distributed representations of words and\n                        phrases and their compositionality","volume-title":"Proceedings of\n                        the 26th International Conference on Neural Information Processing\n                        Systems","author":"Mikolov","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2021041320051600300_bib28","first-page":"319","article-title":"The development of science and\n                        technology in China: A comparison with India and the United\n                        States","volume":"30","author":"Mu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Technology in Society"},{"issue":"23","key":"2021041320051600300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8577","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601602103","article-title":"Modularity and community structure in\n                        networks","volume":"103","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of\n                        Sciences"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib30","first-page":"229","article-title":"Fluid communities: A competitive,\n                        scalable and diverse community detection algorithm","volume-title":"Complex Networks and their Applications VI","author":"Par\u00e9s","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041320051600300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-018-2803-x","article-title":"LitStoryTeller+: An interactive system\n                        for multi-level scientific paper visual storytelling with a supportive text\n                        mining toolbox","volume":"116","author":"Ping","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041320051600300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1625(95)00022-3","article-title":"Technology opportunities analysis","volume":"49","author":"Porter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021041320051600300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21368","article-title":"Science overlay maps: A new tool for\n                        research policy and library management","volume":"61","author":"Rafols","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of\n                        the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041320051600300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-017-2441-8","article-title":"Social network analytics for advanced\n                        bibliometrics: referring to actor roles of management journals instead of\n                        journal rankings","volume":"112","author":"Rost","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041320051600300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23631","article-title":"Strategic intelligence on emerging technologies:\n                        Scientometric overlay mapping","volume":"68","author":"Rotolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the\n                        Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2017.03.004","article-title":"Semi-supervised manifold-embedded\n                        hashing with joint feature representation and classifier\n                        learning","volume":"68","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"19","key":"2021041320051600300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23596","article-title":"Map of science with topic modeling:\n                        Comparison of unsupervised learning and human-assigned subject\n                        classification","volume":"67","author":"Suominen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for\n                        Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-03613-1","article-title":"Five ways China must cultivate research\n                        integrity","volume":"575","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041320051600300_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21879","article-title":"The learning process and technological\n                        change in wind power: Evidence from China's CDM wind\n                        projects","volume":"35","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Policy Analysis and\n                        Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041320051600300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-011-5273-4","article-title":"Visualizing non-metric similarities in\n                        multiple maps","volume":"87","author":"Van der Maaten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041320051600300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02129602","article-title":"Advanced bibliometric methods as\n                        quantitative core of peer review based evaluation and foresight\n                        exercises","volume":"36","author":"van Raan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021041320051600300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0831-9","article-title":"A proposal to change existing virus species names to\n                        non-Latinized binomials","volume":"155","author":"Van Regenmortel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of\n                        Virology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021041320051600300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2013-40829-0","article-title":"A smart local moving algorithm for large-scale\n                        modularity-based community detection","volume":"86","author":"Waltman","year":"2013","journal-title":"European\n                        Physical Journal B"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021041320051600300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2010.07.002","article-title":"A unified approach to mapping and clustering of bibliometric\n                        networks","volume":"4","author":"Waltman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021041320051600300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-017-0006-8","article-title":"Towards a universal model for carbon\n                        dioxide uptake by plants","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Plants"},{"issue":"25","key":"2021041320051600300_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2016.521","article-title":"LncRNA HULC triggers autophagy via\n                        stabilizing Sirt1 and attenuates the chemosensitivity of HCC\n                        cells","volume":"36","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021041320051600300_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2014.01.008","article-title":"Predicting and recommending\n                        collaborations: An author-, institution-, and country-level\n                        analysis","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041320051600300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2018.01.006","article-title":"An improved SAO network-based method for\n                        technology trend analysis: A case study of graphene","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021041320051600300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5257","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2017.2733200","article-title":"LLE score: A new filter-based\n                        unsupervised feature selection method based on nonlinear manifold embedding\n                        and its application to image recognition","volume":"26","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE\n                        Transactions on Image Processing"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021041320051600300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-014-1321-8","article-title":"Clustering scientific documents with\n                        topic modeling","volume":"100","author":"Yau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021041320051600300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6986","article-title":"Development of an antioxidant system after early weaning in\n                        piglets","volume":"92","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021041320051600300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.215","article-title":"Feature selection and kernel learning\n                        for local learning-based clustering","volume":"33","author":"Zeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE\n                        Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021041320051600300_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2015.2509244","article-title":"Sparse hashing tracking","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021041320051600300_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23814","article-title":"Scientific evolutionary pathways:\n                        Identifying and visualizing relationships for scientific\n                        topics","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information\n                        Science and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021041320051600300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-018-2786-7","article-title":"A bibliometric analysis of highly cited\n                        papers in the field of Economics and Business based on the Essential Science\n                        Indicators database","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021041320051600300_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2018.09.004","article-title":"Does deep learning help topic\n                        extraction? A kernel k-means clustering method with word\n                        embedding","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Informetrics"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib55","article-title":"Parallel or intersecting lines?\n                        Intelligent bibliometrics for investigating the involvement of data science\n                        in policy analysis","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Engineering\n                        Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041320051600300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/pra2.2018.14505501065","article-title":"Predicting the dynamics of scientific\n                        activities: A diffusion-based network analytic methodology","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and\n                        Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021041320051600300_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24279","article-title":"Joint modeling of characters, words,\n                        and conversation contexts for microblog keyphrase\n                    extraction","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information\n                        Science and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021041320051600300_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-014-1262-2","article-title":"How to combine term clumping and technology roadmapping for\n                        newly emerging science & technology competitive intelligence:\n                        \u201cProblem & Solution\u201d pattern based semantic TRIZ tool\n                        and case study","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041320051600300_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-013-1090-9","article-title":"Triple helix innovation in\n                        China\u2019s dye-sensitized solar cell industry: Hybrid methods with\n                        semantic TRIZ and technology roadmapping","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib61","article-title":"Characterizing the potential of being\n                        emerging generic technologies: A methodology of bi-layer network\n                        analytics","author":"Zhang","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021041320051600300_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2005.08.006","article-title":"The emergence of China as a leading\n                        nation in science","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"2021041320051600300_bib63","first-page":"2422","article-title":"Coupled dictionary learning for\n                        unsupervised feature selection","volume-title":"Proceedings of the\n                        Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Zhu","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021041320051600300_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2016.2521602","article-title":"Robust joint graph sparse coding for\n                        unsupervised spectral feature selection","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\n                        Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"}],"container-title":["Quantitative Science Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/qss\/article-pdf\/2\/1\/409\/1906526\/qss_a_00100.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/qss\/article-pdf\/2\/1\/409\/1906526\/qss_a_00100.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:27:29Z","timestamp":1618446449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/qss\/article\/2\/1\/409\/97567\/Profiling-and-predicting-the-problem-solving"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/qss_a_00100","relation":{},"ISSN":["2641-3337"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2641-3337","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}