{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:30:15Z","timestamp":1792812615066,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":66,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of\n                                Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75620190196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75620190196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To promote research excellence, China\u2019s government has been offering substantial financial support for a small group of selected universities through three national research programs (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class). However, admission to these programs may not be completely merit based. Based on a statistical analysis of Chinese universities\u2019 scientific activities, this paper shows that this institutionalized hierarchy is not supported by empirical data on research performance, which contributes to inequalities and inefficiencies in Chinese higher education. To build and maintain research capacity, China must support meritocracy across the research system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T10:42:55Z","timestamp":1612262575000},"page":"327-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["The institutionalized stratification of the Chinese higher education\n                    system"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1946-5065","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fei","family":"Shu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Science and Education Evaluation (CASEE), Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha, Hangzhou, Zhejiang (China P.R.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8608-3203","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cassidy R.","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Luddy Hall, 700 N. Woodlawn Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana (USA)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2733-0689","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincent","family":"Larivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de biblioth\u00e9conomie et des sciences de l\u2019information, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montr\u00e9al, QC. 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