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Sloan Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G-2020-12623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-2020-12623"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We present the first database-wide study on the citation contexts of retracted papers, which covers 7,813 retracted papers indexed in PubMed, 169,434 citations collected from iCite, and 48,134 citation contexts identified from the XML version of the PubMed Central Open Access Subset. Compared with previous citation studies that focused on comparing citation counts using two time frames (i.e., preretraction and postretraction), our analyses show the longitudinal trends of citations to retracted papers in the past 60 years (1960\u20132020). Our temporal analyses show that retracted papers continued to be cited, but that old retracted papers stopped being cited as time progressed. Analysis of the text progression of pre- and postretraction citation contexts shows that retraction did not change the way the retracted papers were cited. Furthermore, among the 13,252 postretraction citation contexts, only 722 (5.4%) citation contexts acknowledged the retraction. In these 722 citation contexts, the retracted papers were most commonly cited as related work or as an example of problematic science. Our findings deepen the understanding of why retraction does not stop citation and demonstrate that the vast majority of postretraction citations in biomedicine do not document the retraction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T18:57:13Z","timestamp":1631905033000},"page":"1144-1169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Continued use of retracted papers: Temporal trends in citations and (lack of) awareness of retractions shown in citation contexts in biomedicine"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2314-5777","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tzu-Kun","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5098-5667","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jodi","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022040819223129900_bib1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Automatically classifying the role of citations in biomedical articles","volume-title":"AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, 2010","author":"Agarwal","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022040819223129900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/jama\/9780190246556.001.0001","article-title":"Retractions and expressions of concern","volume-title":"AMA manual of style: A guide for authors and editors","author":"AMA Manual of Style Committee","year":"2020","edition":"11th ed."},{"key":"2022040819223129900_bib3","volume-title":"Publication manual of the American Psychological Association: The official guide to APA style","author":"American Psychological Association","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040819223129900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-017-2242-0","article-title":"Post retraction citations in context: A case study","volume":"113","author":"Bar-Ilan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022040819223129900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-018-2802-y","article-title":"Temporal characteristics of retracted articles","volume":"116","author":"Bar-Ilan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040819223129900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23367","article-title":"The invariant distribution of references in scientific articles","volume":"67","author":"Bertin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022040819223129900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217918","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217918","article-title":"Post retraction citations among manuscripts reporting a radiology-imaging diagnostic method","volume":"14","author":"Bolboac\u0103","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2022040819223129900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08989621.2021.1886933","article-title":"Citation of retracted publications: A challenging problem","author":"Bolland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Accountability in Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022040819223129900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-020-03536-z","article-title":"Self-correction of science: A comparative study of negative citations and post-publication peer review","volume":"124","author":"Bordignon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022040819223129900_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-015-9680-y","article-title":"Perpetuation of retracted publications using the example of the Scott S. 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