{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:03:46Z","timestamp":1787742226147,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":311,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Several scholarly knowledge graphs have been proposed to model and analyze the academic landscape. However, although the number of data sets has increased remarkably in recent years, these knowledge graphs do not primarily focus on data sets but rather on associated entities such as publications. Moreover, publicly available data set knowledge graphs do not systematically contain links to the publications in which the data sets are mentioned. In this paper, we present an approach for constructing an RDF knowledge graph that fulfills these mentioned criteria. Our data set knowledge graph, DSKG, is publicly available at http:\/\/dskg.org and contains metadata of data sets for all scientific disciplines. To ensure high data quality of the DSKG, we first identify suitable raw data set collections for creating the DSKG. We then establish links between the data sets and publications modeled in the Microsoft Academic Knowledge Graph that mention these data sets. As the author names of data sets can be ambiguous, we develop and evaluate a method for author name disambiguation and enrich the knowledge graph with links to ORCID. Overall, our knowledge graph contains more than 2,000 data sets with associated properties, as well as 814,000 links to 635,000 scientific publications. It can be used for a variety of scenarios, facilitating advanced data set search systems and new ways of measuring and awarding the provisioning of data sets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T15:11:45Z","timestamp":1636384305000},"page":"1324-1355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The data set knowledge graph: Creating a linked open data source for data sets"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5458-8645","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"F\u00e4rber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9098-5389","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Lamprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib1","first-page":"62","article-title":"HDL \u2013 Towards a Harmonized Dataset Model for Open Data Portals","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Using the Web in the Age of Data (USE-WOD\u201915) and the 2nd International Workshop on Dataset PROFIling and fEderated Search for Linked Data (PROFILES \u201915) @ ESWC\u201915","author":"Assaf","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54956-5_15","article-title":"Context-driven discoverability of research data","volume-title":"International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries","author":"Baglioni","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022040819223117400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092590","article-title":"Measuring the value of research data: A citation analysis of oceanographic data sets","volume":"9","author":"Belter","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62466-8_41","article-title":"Google Dataset Search by the Numbers","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International Semantic Web Conference","author":"Benjelloun","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022040819223117400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2003.1234765","article-title":"Adaptive name matching in information integration","volume":"18","author":"Bilenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Intelligent Systems"},{"issue":"Jan","key":"2022040819223117400_bib6","first-page":"993","article-title":"Latent Dirichlet allocation","volume":"3","author":"Blei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022040819223117400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22803","article-title":"What is societal impact of research and how can it be assessed? A literature survey","volume":"64","author":"Bornmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313685","article-title":"Google Dataset Search: Building a search engine for datasets in an open Web ecosystem","volume-title":"Proceedings of the World Wide Web Conference","author":"Brickley","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022040819223117400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/15228959.2019.1621793","article-title":"Deconstructing Google Dataset search","volume":"15","author":"Canino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Services Quarterly"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib10","first-page":"79","article-title":"Large scale author name disambiguation using rule-based scoring and clustering","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators","author":"Caron","year":"2014"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1145\/2484028.2484157","article-title":"Author disambiguation by hierarchical agglomerative clustering with adaptive stopping criterion","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 36th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Cen","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040819223117400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00778-019-00564-x","article-title":"Dataset search: A survey","volume":"29","author":"Chapman","year":"2020","journal-title":"The VLDB Journal"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5438\/0014","volume-title":"Datacite metadata schema documentation for the publication and citation of research data. Version 4.1","author":"DataCite Metadata Working Group","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1109\/DAS.2012.36","article-title":"Evaluation of features for author name disambiguation using linear support vector machines","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems","author":"Dendek","year":"2012"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib15","first-page":"178","article-title":"Enhanced self-citation detection by fuzzy author name matching","volume-title":"STI 2014 Leiden","author":"Donner","year":"2014"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30796-7_8","article-title":"The Microsoft Academic Knowledge Graph: A linked data source with 8 billion triples of scholarly data","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Semantic Web Conference","author":"F\u00e4rber","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib17","article-title":"Identifying used methods and datasets in scientific publications","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI-21 Workshop on Scientific Document Understanding","author":"F\u00e4rber","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040819223117400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-170275","article-title":"Linked data quality of DBpedia, Freebase, OpenCyc, Wikidata, and YAGO","volume":"9","author":"F\u00e4rber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022040819223117400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1145\/2350036.2350040","article-title":"A brief survey of automatic methods for author name disambiguation","volume":"41","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"SIGMOD Rec."},{"issue":"6379","key":"2022040819223117400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao0185","article-title":"Science of science","volume":"359","author":"Fortunato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022040819223117400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551519837182","article-title":"Understanding data search as a socio-technical practice","volume":"46","author":"Gregory","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Information Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022040819223117400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1087\/20120404","article-title":"ORCID: A system to uniquely identify researchers","volume":"25","author":"Haak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Learned Publishing"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24592-8_10","article-title":"Author profile enrichment for cross-linking digital libraries","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries","author":"Hajra","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022040819223117400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551515594729","article-title":"Current state of linked data in digital libraries","volume":"42","author":"Hallo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Information Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040819223117400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2200\/S00334ED1V01Y201102WBE001","article-title":"Linked data: Evolving the web into a global data space","volume":"1","author":"Heath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1045\/january2015-henderson","article-title":"Data citation practices in the CRAWDAD wireless network data archive","author":"Henderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"D-Lib Magazine"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1145\/3360901.3364435","article-title":"Open Research Knowledge Graph: Next generation infrastructure for semantic scholarly knowledge","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Knowledge Capture","author":"Jaradeh","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040819223117400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29024\/sar.13","article-title":"Assessing the impact and quality of research data using altmetrics and other indicators","volume":"2","author":"Konkiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scholarly Assessment Reports"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/dint_a_00080","article-title":"On the complexities of federating research data infrastructures","author":"Latif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Data Intelligence"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.11.021","article-title":"Improving university faculty evaluations via multi-view knowledge graph","volume":"117","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.3516918","volume-title":"OpenAIRE Research Graph Dump","author":"Manghi","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.2643199","volume-title":"The OpenAIRE Research Graph Data Model","author":"Manghi","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib33","first-page":"16","article-title":"Implementing fair data infrastructures","volume-title":"Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 18472: \u201cImplementing Fair Data Infrastructures\u201d","author":"Manola","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib34","unstructured":"Neumaier, S.\n           (2019). Semantic Enrichment of Open Data on the Web(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). TU Wien."},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61033-7_1","article-title":"Data integration for open data on the web","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Reasoning Web International Summer School","author":"Neumaier","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040819223117400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2964909","article-title":"Automated quality assessment of metadata across open data portals","volume":"8","author":"Neumaier","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM Journal of Data and Information Quality"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib37","article-title":"Lifting data portals to the web of data","volume-title":"Proceeding of the Workshop on Linked Data on the Web (LDOW\u201917) @ WWW\u201917","author":"Neumaier","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib38","article-title":"Understanding metadata","volume-title":"National Information Standards","author":"NISO","year":"2004"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022040819223117400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3864","article-title":"Finding useful data across multiple biomedical data repositories using Datamed","volume":"49","author":"Ohno-Machado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36987-3_6","article-title":"Constructing knowledge graphs from data catalogues","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Internet Technology","author":"Ojo","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib41","volume-title":"DataCite to DCAT-AP Mapping","author":"Perego","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040819223117400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00023","article-title":"Opencitations, an infrastructure organization for open scholarship","volume":"1","author":"Peroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quantitative Science Studies"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2016.7844305","article-title":"A hybrid knowledge-based framework for author name disambiguation","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","author":"Protasiewicz","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib44","first-page":"37","article-title":"Semantically related data as technology-enhanced support for research assistive and quality tools","volume-title":"UNESCO International Workshop","author":"Radevski","year":".."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022040819223117400_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173152","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173152","article-title":"Measuring scientific impact beyond academia: An assessment of existing impact metrics and proposed improvements","volume":"12","author":"Ravenscroft","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022040819223117400_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-180317","article-title":"RDF2Vec: RDF graph embeddings and their applications","volume":"10","author":"Ristoski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170059","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.59","article-title":"DATS, the data tag suite to enable discoverability of datasets","volume":"4","author":"Sansone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Data"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1145\/3442442.3451367","article-title":"Rewarding research data management","volume-title":"Companion of the Web Conference 2021, Virtual Event, Ljubljana, Slovenia, April 19\u201323, 2021","author":"Sch\u00f6pfel","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1109\/IntelliSys.2017.8324327","article-title":"Towards intelligent open data platforms: Discovering relatedness in datasets","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 Intelligent Systems Conference","author":"Sennaike","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1145\/1255175.1255243","article-title":"Efficient topic-based unsupervised name disambiguation","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries","author":"Song","year":"2007"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022040819223117400_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23833","article-title":"Scholarly use of social media and altmetrics: A review of the literature","volume":"68","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib52","volume-title":"English Word Frequency","author":"Tatman","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib53","first-page":"1548","article-title":"Author name disambiguation of bibliometric data: A comparison of several unsupervised approaches","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Scientometrics and Informetrics","author":"Tekles","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24129-6_23","article-title":"Mapping large scale research metadata to linked data: A performance comparison of HBase, CSV and XML","volume-title":"Research Conference on Metadata and Semantics Research","author":"Vahdati","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1109\/eScience.2019.00070","article-title":"Describing datasets in Wikidata","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on eScience","author":"Vrandecic","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib56","volume-title":"SPARQL 1.1 Query Language","author":"W3C","year":"2013"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib57","volume-title":"SPARQL 1.1 Update","author":"W3C","year":"2013"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib58","volume-title":"RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax","author":"W3C","year":"2014"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib59","volume-title":"Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT) \u2013 Version 2","author":"W3C","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108610834","volume-title":"The science of science","author":"Wang","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1145\/3041021.3053052","article-title":"Providing research graph data in JSON-LD using Schema.org","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion","author":"Wang","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib62","volume-title":"Download Instructions for the WDC RDFa, Microdata, Embedded JSON-LD, and Microformats Data Sets (November 2018)","author":"Web Data Commons","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022040819223117400_bib63","author":"WikiProject Datasets\/Data Structure\/DCAT \u2013 Wikidata \u2013 Schema.org mapping","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040819223117400_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.18","article-title":"The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship","volume":"3","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Data"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022040819223117400_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00109","article-title":"A multi-dimensional framework for characterizing the citation impact of scientific publications","volume":"2","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quantitative Science Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022040819223117400_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5654","DOI":"10.30534\/ijatcse\/2020\/216942020","article-title":"Towards a knowledge graph for open healthcare data","volume":"9","author":"Younsi Dahbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering"}],"container-title":["Quantitative Science Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/qss\/article-pdf\/2\/4\/1324\/2007952\/qss_a_00161.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/qss\/article-pdf\/2\/4\/1324\/2007952\/qss_a_00161.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T15:22:58Z","timestamp":1649431378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/qss\/article\/2\/4\/1324\/108051\/The-data-set-knowledge-graph-Creating-a-linked"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/qss_a_00161","relation":{},"ISSN":["2641-3337"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2641-3337","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}