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The output indicator, named Total Fractional Impact, based on the citations of publications indexed in the Web of Science, measures the scholarly impact of knowledge produced in each field. For each country, the approach allows us to measure the deviations between the two profiles, thereby revealing potential differences in research efficiency and\/or capital allocation across fields, compared to benchmark countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T14:35:15Z","timestamp":1661438115000},"page":"755-775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Measuring and interpreting the differences of the nations\u2019 scientific specialization indexes by output and by input"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0731-3635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Abramo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Studies in Research Evaluation, Institute for System Analysis and Computer Science (IASI-CNR), National 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