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Using publication data from WoS, OA status from Unpaywall, and annual APC prices from open data sets and historical fees retrieved via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine, we estimate that globally authors paid $1.06 billion in publication fees to these publishers from 2015\u20132018. Revenue from gold OA amounted to $612.5 million, and $448.3 million was obtained for publishing OA in hybrid journals. Among the five publishers, Springer Nature made the most revenue from OA ($589.7 million), followed by Elsevier ($221.4 million), Wiley ($114.3 million), Taylor &amp; Francis ($76.8 million), and Sage ($31.6 million). With Elsevier and Wiley making most of their APC revenue from hybrid fees and others focusing on gold, different OA strategies could be observed between publishers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T12:24:03Z","timestamp":1699359843000},"page":"778-799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["The oligopoly\u2019s shift to open access: How the big five academic publishers profit from article processing charges"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3385-4729","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leigh-Ann","family":"Butler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"},{"name":"Scholarly Communications Lab, Ottawa\/Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2612-2132","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lisa","family":"Matthias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scholarly Communications Lab, Ottawa\/Vancouver, Canada"},{"name":"Political Sciences Department, John F. 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