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Individual inequality means that most perish quickly and only a few are successful, and gender inequality implies that there are differences in achievements for women and men. Using large-scale bibliographic data and following a computational approach, we study the evolution of individual and gender inequality for cohorts from 1970 to 2000 in the whole field of computer science as it grows and becomes a team-based science. We find that individual inequality in productivity (publications) increases over a scholar\u2019s career but is historically invariant, whereas individual inequality in impact (citations), albeit larger, is stable across cohorts and careers. Gender inequality prevails regarding productivity, but there is no evidence for differences in impact. The Matthew Effect is shown to accumulate advantages to early achievements and to become stronger over the decades, indicating the rise of a \u201cpublish or perish\u201d imperative. Only some authors manage to reap the benefits that publishing in teams promises. The Matthew Effect then amplifies initial differences and propagates the gender gap. Women continue to fall behind because they continue to be at a higher risk of dropping out for reasons that have nothing to do with early-career achievements or social support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T16:20:33Z","timestamp":1705422033000},"page":"128-152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Individual and gender inequality in computer science: A career study of cohorts from 1970 to 2000"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8408-1607","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haiko","family":"Lietz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Social Science, GESIS1\u2014Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Cologne, Germany"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Jadidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Social Science, GESIS1\u2014Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Computer Science, University of Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8797-3950","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Kostic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Social Science, GESIS1\u2014Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Cologne, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3552-108X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Milena","family":"Tsvetkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Methodology, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0640-8221","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudia","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Social Science, GESIS1\u2014Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Society, Technology, and Human Factors, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052115150153700_bib1","volume-title":"Recoding gender: Women\u2019s changing participation in computing","author":"Abbate","year":"2017"},{"issue":"7415","key":"2024052115150153700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/489201a","article-title":"Future impact: Predicting scientific success","volume":"489","author":"Acuna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052115150153700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158244019829575","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244019829575","article-title":"Citations, citation indicators, and research quality: An overview of basic concepts and theories","volume":"9","author":"Aksnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024052115150153700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21486","article-title":"Are female researchers less cited? 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