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Yet, to date, altmetrics have largely failed to deliver on this potential because the primary audience that cites research on social media has been shown to be academics themselves. In response, our study investigates an extension of traditional altmetric approaches that goes beyond capturing direct mentions of research on social media. Using research articles from the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study, we demonstrate the value of measuring \u201csecond-order citations,\u201d or social media mentions of news coverage of research. We find that a sample of these citations, published by just five media outlets, were shared and engaged with on social media twice as much as the research articles themselves. Moreover, first-order and second-order citations circulated among Twitter accounts and Facebook accounts that were largely distinct from each other. The differences in audiences and engagement patterns found in this case study provide strong evidence that investigating these second-order citations can be an effective way of observing overlooked audiences who engage with research content on social media.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T11:55:13Z","timestamp":1709639713000},"page":"366-382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Second-order citations in altmetrics: A case study analyzing the audiences of COVID-19 research in the news and on social media"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9344-7439","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Alperin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Publishing, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada"},{"name":"Scholarly Communications Lab, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-4061","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alice","family":"Fleerackers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scholarly Communications Lab, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada"},{"name":"School of Journalism, Writing, and Media, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4402-4824","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michelle","family":"Riedlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scholarly Communications Lab, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada"},{"name":"School of Communication, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0157-1430","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Haustein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scholarly Communications Lab, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada"},{"name":"School of Information Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024060614394604900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7910\/DVN\/OEKB01","article-title":"Data on first- and second-order citations for sample of COVID-19 research [data set]","author":"Alperin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Harvard Dataverse"},{"key":"2024060614394604900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.7803153","article-title":"ScholCommLab\/second-order-citations: Initial release [Computer software]","author":"Alperin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zenodo"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024060614394604900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662518761733","article-title":"Identifying diffusion patterns of research articles on Twitter: A case study of online engagement with open access articles","volume":"28","author":"Alperin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Understanding of Science"},{"key":"2024060614394604900_bib239","article-title":"Text mining","author":"Altmetric","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024060614394604900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2085-5_4","article-title":"Issue selection in science journalism: Towards a special theory of news values for science news?","volume-title":"The sciences\u2019 media connection\u2014Public communication and its repercussions","author":"Badenschier","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024060614394604900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110308464-020","article-title":"Scientific revolution in scientometrics: The broadening of impact from citation to societal","volume-title":"Theories of informetrics and scholarly communication","author":"Bornmann","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024060614394604900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3726\/b13293","volume-title":"Gatewatching and news curation: Journalism, social media, and the public sphere","author":"Bruns","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024060614394604900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/1329878X20946113","article-title":"\u201cCorona? 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